The Implication of Physically Demanding and Hazardous Work on Retirement Timing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Higher PDWT increases the likelihood of retirement (within two years).
- Exposure to PHWE increases the likelihood of retirement (within two years).
- The influence of PDWT on retirement vs. continued work increases with age.
- The influence of PHWE on retirement vs. continued work increases with age.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Procedure
Inclusion Criteria
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Outcome Variable
2.2.2. Stratification Variables
2.2.3. Exposure Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Age Moderating Effects
2.3.2. Sensitivity Analyses
3. Results
3.1. The Moderating Effect of Age for Blue-Collar Wokers (Model 4)
3.2. The Moderating Effect of Age for White-Collar Wokers (Model 4)
3.3. Sensitivity Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Physically Demanding Work Tasks
4.2. Physically Hazardous Work Environment
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nobs (Nind) | All Blue-Collar Workers OR (95% CI) | Nobs (Nwomen) | Women OR (95% CI) | Nobs (Nmen) | Men OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDWT | 2543 (1649) | 1204 (796) | 1339 (853) | |||
light (ref) | 939 | – | 435 | – | 504 | – |
moderate | 763 | 1.15 (0.90; 1.48) | 372 | 1.24 (0.86; 1.78) | 391 | 1.04 (0.74; 1.47) |
heavy | 841 | 1.45 (1.14; 1.85) ** | 397 | 1.53 (1.07; 2.20) * | 444 | 1.42 (1.02; 1.98) * |
PHWE | 2518 (1631) | 1191 (787) | 1327 (844) | |||
low-level (ref) | 686 | – | 414 | – | 272 | – |
moderate | 1098 | 1.12 (0.88; 1.43) | 642 | 1.08 (0.78; 1.49) | 456 | 1.20 (0.82; 1.76) |
high-level | 734 | 1.41 (1.07; 1.86) * | 135 | 2.01 (1.19; 3.41) * | 599 | 1.42 (0.98; 2.06) † |
Nobs (Nind) | All White-Collar Workers OR (95% CI) | Nobs (Nwomen) | Women OR (95% CI) | Nobs (Nmen) | Men OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDWT | 5700 (3448) | 0.82 (0.72; 0.94) ** | 3443 (2057) | 0.84 (0.70; 1.00) † | 2257 (1391) | 0.78 (0.63; 0.96) * |
PHWE | 5658 (3437) | 1.09 (0.95; 1.24) | 3411 (2048) | 1.10 (0.92; 1.31) | 2247 (1389) | 1.04 (0.84; 1.30) |
All Blue-Collar Workers | Women | Men | |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
PDWT | |||
Main effect: light (ref) | |||
– | – | – | |
moderate | 0.97 (0.45; 2.09) | 1.47 (0.43; 5.03) | 0.78 (0.29; 2.13) |
heavy | 1.70 (0.83; 3.49) | 4.40 (1.47; 13.22) ** | 0.91 (0.34; 2.45) |
Interaction with linear age: age#light (ref) | |||
– | – | – | |
moderate | 1.04 (0.89; 1.22) | 0.97 (0.74; 1.28) | 1.06 (0.87; 1.30) |
heavy | 0.96 (0.83; 1.12) | 0.77 (0.61; 0.99) * | 1.10 (0.90; 1.36) |
PHWE | |||
Main effect: low-level (ref) | |||
– | – | – | |
moderate | 0.65 (0.31; 1.36) | 0.98 (0.35; 2.74) | 0.44 (0.15; 1.33) |
high-level | 0.94 (0.43; 2.06) | 2.74 (0.70; 10.67) | 0.45 (0.16; 1.28) |
Interaction with linear age: age#low-level (ref) | |||
– | – | – | |
moderate | 1.12 (0.96; 1.31) | 1.02 (0.81; 1.28) | 1.21 (0.98; 1.51) † |
high-level | 1.09 (0.92; 1.28) | 0.91 (0.66; 1.26) | 1.26 (1.02; 1.56) * |
All White-Collar Workers | Women | Men | |
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
PDWT | |||
main effect | 0.53 (0.36; 0.79) ** | 0.57 (0.34; 0.97) * | 0.49 (0.27; 0.89) * |
interaction with linear age | 1.10 (1.01; 1.19) * | 1.08 (0.97; 1.21) | 1.10 (0.98; 1.24) |
PHWE | |||
main effect | 0.63 (0.43; 0.93) * | 0.47 (0.28; 0.79) ** | 1.12 (0.62; 2.04) |
interaction with linear age | 1.13 (1.04; 1.22) ** | 1.20 (1.08; 1.34) *** | 0.99 (0.87; 1.11) |
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Stengård, J.; Virtanen, M.; Leineweber, C.; Westerlund, H.; Wang, H.-X. The Implication of Physically Demanding and Hazardous Work on Retirement Timing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138123
Stengård J, Virtanen M, Leineweber C, Westerlund H, Wang H-X. The Implication of Physically Demanding and Hazardous Work on Retirement Timing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):8123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138123
Chicago/Turabian StyleStengård, Johanna, Marianna Virtanen, Constanze Leineweber, Hugo Westerlund, and Hui-Xin Wang. 2022. "The Implication of Physically Demanding and Hazardous Work on Retirement Timing" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 8123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138123
APA StyleStengård, J., Virtanen, M., Leineweber, C., Westerlund, H., & Wang, H. -X. (2022). The Implication of Physically Demanding and Hazardous Work on Retirement Timing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 8123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138123