Psychometric Properties of the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-SF) and Its Associated Factors among the Elderly in Bangladesh
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Settings
2.2. Sampling and Sample Size
2.3. Study Participants and Data Collection Procedure
2.4. Instruments and Measurements
2.4.1. Socio-Demographics
2.4.2. Comorbidity
2.4.3. Sleep Duration and Social Support
2.4.4. Geriatric Depression
2.5. Ethical Approval
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Psychometric Properties of GDS-SF
3.2.1. Reliability (Internal Consistency)
3.2.2. Construct Validity
3.2.3. Convergent Validity
3.2.4. Known-Group Validity
3.3. Factors Associated with GDS-SF
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 377) | Depression Levels by GDS-SF Scores | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal (n = 100) | Mild (n = 130) | Moderate and Severe (n = 147) | p-Value * | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Living place | 0.026 | ||||
Communities | 267 (70.8) | 69 (25.8) | 103 (38.6) | 95 (35.6) | |
Slums | 110 (29.2) | 31 (28.2) | 27 (24.5) | 52 (47.3) | |
Age (years), mean ± SD | 65.7 ± 5.1 | 65.1 ± 4.9 | 65.4 ± 5.3 | 66.3 ± 5.1 | 0.156 |
Gender | 0.033 | ||||
Women | 153 (40.6) | 31 (20.3) | 52 (34.0) | 70 (45.8) | |
Men | 224 (59.4) | 69 (30.8) | 78 (34.8) | 77 (34.4) | |
Marital status | 0.014 | ||||
Single/Divorced/Widowed | 87 (23.1) | 14 (16.1) | 29 (33.3) | 44 (50.6) | |
Married | 290 (76.9) | 86 (29.7) | 101 (34.8) | 103 (35.5) | |
Highest level of education | 0.008 | ||||
No formal education | 125 (33.2) | 27 (21.6) | 33 (26.4) | 65 (52.0) | |
Primary school | 127 (33.7) | 35 (27.6) | 51 (40.2) | 41 (32.3) | |
Secondary school or higher | 125 (33.2) | 38 (30.4) | 46 (36.8) | 41 (32.8) | |
Previous occupation | 0.072 | ||||
Housewife | 93 (24.7) | 14 (15.1) | 35 (37.6) | 44 (47.3) | |
Own business | 80 (21.2) | 26 (32.5) | 23 (28.8) | 31 (38.8) | |
Employee | 104 (27.6) | 29 (27.9) | 38 (36.5) | 37 (35.6) | |
Other (part-time job, etc.) | 100 (26.5) | 31 (31.0) | 34 (34.0) | 35 (35.0) | |
House owner | 0.019 | ||||
No | 175 (46.4) | 48 (27.4) | 48 (27.4) | 79 (45.1) | |
Yes | 202 (53.6) | 52 (25.7) | 82 (40.6) | 68 (33.7) | |
Religious practice | 0.034 | ||||
No | 110 (29.2) | 34 (30.9) | 27 (24.5) | 49 (44.5) | |
Yes | 267 (70.8) | 66 (24.7) | 103 (38.6) | 98 (36.7) | |
Comorbidity | 0.094 | ||||
None | 27 (7.2) | 9 (33.3) | 9 (33.3) | 9 (33.3) | |
1 | 157 (41.6) | 49 (31.2) | 48 (30.6) | 60 (38.2) | |
2+ | 193 (51.2) | 42 (21.8) | 73 (37.8) | 78 (40.4) | |
Having children | 0.043 | ||||
No | 20 (5.3) | 4 (20.0) | 3 (15.0) | 13 (65.0) | |
Yes | 357 (94.7) | 96 (26.9) | 127 (35.6) | 134 (37.5) | |
Receiving support from surrounding people in an emergency | <0.001 | ||||
No | 111 (29.4) | 11 (9.9) | 19 (17.1) | 81 (73.0) | |
Yes | 266 (70.6) | 89 (33.5) | 111 (41.7) | 66 (24.8) | |
Receiving support from peers | <0.001 | ||||
No | 138 (36.6) | 15 (10.9) | 25 (18.1) | 98 (71.0) | |
Yes | 239 (63.4) | 85 (35.6) | 105 (43.9) | 49 (20.5) | |
Satisfaction with children’s support ** | <0.001 | ||||
No | 91 (24.1) | 10 (11.0) | 22 (24.2) | 59 (64.8) | |
Yes | 286 (75.9) | 90 (31.5) | 108 (37.8) | 88 (30.8) | |
Sleep duration | 0.643 | ||||
Sleep deprivation | 59 (15.6) | 16 (27.1) | 23 (39.0) | 20 (33.9) | |
Sleep adequacy | 318 (84.4) | 84 (26.4) | 107 (33.6) | 127 (39.9) | |
Taking sleeping pills | 0.041 | ||||
No | 244 (64.7) | 70 (28.7) | 73 (29.9) | 101 (41.4) | |
Yes | 133 (35.3) | 30 (22.6) | 57 (42.9) | 46 (34.6) | |
GDS-SF, mean (SD) | 7.31 ± 3.98 | ||||
Median (IQR) | 7.0 (4.0, 11.0) |
Items | Ceiling Effect n (%) | Floor Effectn (%) | Difficulty a (Mean ± SD) | Discrimination (Corrected Item-Total Correlation) | Cronbach’s α if the Item Deleted | McDonalds’s Omega | KMO | Bartlett’s Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample (n = 377) | ||||||||
Item 1 | 0.23 ± 0.42 | 0.495 | 0.824 | |||||
Item 2 | 0.79 ± 0.40 | 0.275 | 0.836 | |||||
Item 3 | 0.41 ± 0.49 | 0.568 | 0.819 | |||||
Item 4 | 0.59 ± 0.49 | 0.492 | 0.824 | |||||
Item 5 | 0.55 ± 0.50 | 0.537 | 0.821 | |||||
Item 6 | 0.30 ± 0.46 | 0.324 | 0.834 | |||||
Item 7 | 0.51 ± 0.50 | 0.485 | 0.824 | |||||
Item 8 | 0.41 ± 0.49 | 0.642 | 0.814 | |||||
Item 9 | 0.52 ± 0.50 | 0.110 | 0.847 | |||||
Item 10 | 0.55 ± 0.50 | 0.295 | 0.836 | |||||
Item 11 | 0.37 ± 0.48 | 0.466 | 0.826 | |||||
Item 12 | 0.44 ± 0.50 | 0.573 | 0.819 | |||||
Item 13 | 0.61 ± 0.49 | 0.051 | 0.823 | |||||
Item 14 | 0.41 ± 0.49 | 0.656 | 0.813 | |||||
Item 15 | 0.61 ± 0.49 | 0.471 | 0.825 | |||||
GDS-SF scores (0–15) | 3 (0.8) | 7 (1.9) | 7.31 (3.98) | 0.836 | 0.841 | 0.869 | χ2 = 1645.35 (df = 105), p < 0.001 | |
Community subsample (n = 267) | ||||||||
Item 1 | 0.21 ± 0.41 | 0.457 | 0.805 | |||||
Item 2 | 0.72 ± 0.45 | 0.316 | 0.813 | |||||
Item 3 | 0.39 ± 0.49 | 0.505 | 0.800 | |||||
Item 4 | 0.59 ± 0.49 | 0.430 | 0.806 | |||||
Item 5 | 0.52 ± 0.50 | 0.483 | 0.802 | |||||
Item 6 | 0.34 ± 0.48 | 0.382 | 0.809 | |||||
Item 7 | 0.47 ± 0.50 | 0.428 | 0.806 | |||||
Item 8 | 0.39 ± 0.49 | 0.598 | 0.794 | |||||
Item 9 | 0.58 ± 0.50 | 0.192 | 0.822 | |||||
Item 10 | 0.63 ± 0.48 | 0.352 | 0.811 | |||||
Item 11 | 0.27 ± 0.45 | 0.373 | 0.809 | |||||
Item 12 | 0.43 ± 0.50 | 0.501 | 0.801 | |||||
Item 13 | 0.59 ± 0.49 | 0.417 | 0.807 | |||||
Item 14 | 0.36 ± 0.48 | 0.615 | 0.793 | |||||
Item 15 | 0.60 ± 0.49 | 0.414 | 0.807 | |||||
GDS-SF scores (0–15) | 3 (1.1) | 4 (1.5) | 7.09 ± 3.81 | 0.816 | 0.817 | 0.838 | χ2 = 980.660 (df = 105), p < 0.001 | |
Slum subsample (n = 110) | ||||||||
Item 1 | 0.28 ± 0.45 | 0.560 | 0.874 | |||||
Item 2 | 0.95 ± 0.21 | 0.158 | 0.886 | |||||
Item 3 | 0.45 ± 0.50 | 0.700 | 0.868 | |||||
Item 4 | 0.61 ± 0.48 | 0.631 | 0.871 | |||||
Item 5 | 0.65 ± 0.48 | 0.652 | 0.870 | |||||
Item 6 | 0.18 ± 0.39 | 0.276 | 0.885 | |||||
Item 7 | 0.61 ± 0.49 | 0.601 | 0.873 | |||||
Item 8 | 0.47 ± 0.50 | 0.729 | 0.866 | |||||
Item 9 | 0.39 ± 0.49 | 0.004 | 0.899 | |||||
Item 10 | 0.37 ± 0.49 | 0.300 | 0.886 | |||||
Item 11 | 0.59 ± 0.49 | 0.673 | 0.869 | |||||
Item 12 | 0.47 ± 0.50 | 0.729 | 0.866 | |||||
Item 13 | 0.66 ± 0.48 | 0.686 | 0.869 | |||||
Item 14 | 0.51 ± 0.50 | 0.736 | 0.866 | |||||
Item 15 | 0.64 ± 0.48 | 0.595 | 0.873 | |||||
GDS-SF scores (0–15) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.7) | 7.84 ± 4.32 | 0.883 | 0.896 | 0.851 | χ2 = 835.628 (df = 105), p < 0.001 | |
Community vs. Slum | p = 0.117 b | χ2 = 6.456 (df = 1), p = 0.011 c |
Items | Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 | Item 4 | Item 5 | Item 6 | Item 7 | Item 8 | Item 9 | Item 10 | Item 11 | Item 12 | Item 13 | Item 14 | Item 15 | GDS-SF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item1 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
Item 2 | 0.13 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
Item 3 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
Item 4 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.34 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
Item 5 | 0.40 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Item 6 | 0.22 | −0.14 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Item 7 | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.56 | 0.22 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Item 8 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Item 9 | 0.01 * | 0.04 * | 0.08 * | 0.06 * | −0.10 * | 0.11 | −0.10 * | 0.11 | 1.00 | |||||||
Item 10 | 0.06 * | 0.05 * | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.06 * | 0.21 | 0.04 * | 0.28 | 0.35 | 1.00 | ||||||
Item 11 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.36 | 0.08 * | 0.43 | 0.31 | −0.07 * | 0.03 * | 1.00 | |||||
Item 12 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.50 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 1.00 | ||||
Item 13 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.05 * | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 1.00 | |||
Item 14 | 0.47 | 0.28 | 0.49 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.39 | 0.61 | −0.05 * | 0.11 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 1.00 | ||
Item 15 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.38 | 1.00 | |
GDS-SF | 0.56 | 0.37 | 0.65 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.42 | 0.57 | 0.72 | 0.23 | 0.40 | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.56 | 1.00 |
Item-scale convergent validity: mean of rs (range) = 0.55 (0.23–0.73) |
Mild Depression a | Moderate and Severe Depression a | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Bivariate Model | Multivariate Model | Bivariate Model | Multivariate Model | ||||
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Living place | ||||||||
Communities | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Slums | 0.58 (0.32, 1.06) | 0.078 | 0.79 (0.39, 1.60) | 0.518 | 1.22 (0.71, 2.10) | 0.475 | 1.24 (0.63, 2.43) | 0.538 |
Age (1-year increment) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.07) | 0.692 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.757 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.10) | 0.083 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 0.048 |
Gender | ||||||||
Women | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Men | 0.67 (0.39, 1.17) | 0.160 | 0.67 (0.38, 1.16) | 0.153 | 0.49 (0.29, 0.84) | 0.010 | 0.48 (0.28, 0.85) | 0.011 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Single/Divorced/Widowed | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Married | 0.57 (0.28, 1.14) | 0.112 | 0.38 (0.20, 0.74) | 0.005 | ||||
Highest level of education | ||||||||
No formal education | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Primary school | 1.19 (0.61, 2.32) | 0.605 | 0.49 (0.26, 0.92) | 0.026 | ||||
Secondary school or higher | 0.99 (0.51, 1.93) | 0.977 | 0.45 (0.24, 0.84) | 0.012 | ||||
Previous occupation | ||||||||
Housewife | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Own business | 0.35 (0.15, 0.82) | 0.015 | 0.38 (0.17, 0.84) | 0.017 | ||||
Employee | 0.52 (0.24, 1.15) | 0.107 | 0.41 (0.19, 0.88) | 0.022 | ||||
Other (part-time job, etc.) | 0.44 (0.20, 0.96) | 0.040 | 0.36 (0.17, 0.78) | 0.009 | ||||
House owner | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Yes | 1.58 (0.93, 2.68) | 0.092 | 1.30 (0.70, 2.41) | 0.406 | 0.80 (0.48, 1.32) | 0.376 | 0.91 (0.49, 1.70) | 0.767 |
Religious practice | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Yes | 1.97 (1.09, 3.55) | 0.025 | 1.76 (0.93, 3.30) | 0.080 | 1.03 (0.60, 1.76) | 0.913 | 1.15 (0.63, 2.13) | 0.646 |
Comorbidity | ||||||||
None | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
1 | 0.98 (0.36, 2.68) | 0.968 | 1.22 (0.45, 3.32) | 0.691 | ||||
2+ | 1.74 (0.64, 4.72) | 0.278 | 1.86 (0.69, 5.03) | 0.224 | ||||
Having children | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Yes | 1.76 (0.39, 8.07) | 0.464 | 0.43 (0.14, 1.36) | 0.150 | ||||
Receiving support from surrounding people | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Yes | 0.72 (0.34, 1.60) | 0.421 | 0.10 (0.05, 0.20) | <0.001 | ||||
Receiving support from peers | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Yes | 0.74 (0.37, 1.49) | 0.402 | 0.09 (0.05, 0.17) | <0.001 | ||||
Satisfaction with children’s support | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Yes | 0.55 (0.25, 1.21) | 0.137 | 0.53 (0.24, 1.20) | 0.127 | 0.17 (0.08, 0.34) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.08, 0.35) | <0.001 |
Sleep duration | ||||||||
Sleep deprivation | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Sleep adequacy | 0.89 (0.44, 1.78) | 0.735 | 1.21 (0.59, 2.47) | 0.601 | ||||
Taking sleeping pills | ||||||||
No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Yes | 1.82 (1.05, 3.16) | 0.033 | 1.06 (0.61, 1.85) | 0.829 |
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Sultana, N.; Nguyen, T.T.P.; Hossain, A.; Asaduzzaman, M.; Nguyen, M.H.; Jahan, I.; Nguyen, K.T.; Duong, T.V. Psychometric Properties of the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-SF) and Its Associated Factors among the Elderly in Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137935
Sultana N, Nguyen TTP, Hossain A, Asaduzzaman M, Nguyen MH, Jahan I, Nguyen KT, Duong TV. Psychometric Properties of the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-SF) and Its Associated Factors among the Elderly in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137935
Chicago/Turabian StyleSultana, Naznin, Thao T. P. Nguyen, Ahmed Hossain, Md. Asaduzzaman, Minh H. Nguyen, Ishrat Jahan, Kien T. Nguyen, and Tuyen Van Duong. 2022. "Psychometric Properties of the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-SF) and Its Associated Factors among the Elderly in Bangladesh" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137935
APA StyleSultana, N., Nguyen, T. T. P., Hossain, A., Asaduzzaman, M., Nguyen, M. H., Jahan, I., Nguyen, K. T., & Duong, T. V. (2022). Psychometric Properties of the Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-SF) and Its Associated Factors among the Elderly in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137935