Associations between Children’s Health-Related Characteristics, Self-Esteem, and Fathers’ Parenting Practices and Media Addiction among Younger School-Aged Korean Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Ethical Consideration
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Children and their Fathers
3.2. Children’s Media Addiction Levels, Health-Related Characteristics, Self-Esteem, and Fathers’ Parenting Practices
3.3. Differences in Media Addiction Levels Based on the General Characteristics
3.4. Predictors of Children’s Media Addiction Level
4. Discussion
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Categories | n (%) or M ± SD |
---|---|---|
General Characteristics of Children and Their Fathers | ||
Gender | Male | 593 (51.6) |
Female | 556 (48.4) | |
Birth order | First | 537 (46.7) |
Second | 480 (41.8) | |
Third and above | 132 (11.5) | |
42.15 ± 3.83 | ||
Fathers’ age (years) | ≤39.9 | 283 (24.6) |
40.0–44.9 | 583 (50.7) | |
≥45.0 | 283 (24.6) | |
Fathers’ education level | ≤High school graduate | 299 (26.0) |
≥University graduate | 850 (74.0) | |
5,355,600 ± 450,450 | ||
Economic level | Very low (≤3,400,000) | 208 (18.1) |
(KRW/month) | Low (3,400,001–4,000,000) | 241 (21.0) |
Moderate (4,000,001–5,300,000) | 316 (27.5) | |
High (≥5,300,001) | 384 (33.4) | |
Media use characteristics of children | ||
Smartphone | Have | 360 (31.3) |
Have not | 789 (68.7) | |
1.37 ± 0.59 | ||
Media use time(hours) | No | 89 (7.7) |
- < 1 | 236 (20.5) | |
1- <2 | 522 (45.4) | |
2- < 3 | 235 (20.5) | |
≥3 | 67 (5.9) |
Characteristics (Items) | n (%) or M ± SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|
Media device addiction (15) | 25.10 ± 6.07 | 15.00 | 51.00 |
General users: ≤27 | 790 (68.8) | ||
Potential risk users: 28–29 | 73 (6.3) | ||
High risk users: ≥30 | 286 (24.9) | ||
Health-related characteristics of children | |||
BMI (kg/m2) (percentile) | 17.95 ± 2.94 | 11.81 | 29.76 |
Sleep time (hours) | 9.44 ± 0.65 | 6.50 | 12.50 |
Subjective health status (points) | 4.27 ± 0.75 | 1.00 | 5.00 |
Children’s self-esteem (5) | 17.42 ± 2.16 | 5.00 | 20.00 |
Fathers’ parenting practices | |||
Authoritative (27) | 99.19 ± 11.98 | 59.00 | 132.00 |
Authoritarian (20) | 45.76 ± 9.83 | 23.00 | 77.00 |
Permissive (15) | 38.45 ± 4.60 | 21.00 | 56.00 |
Characteristics | Categories | Media Addiction | χ2 (p) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General Users (n = 943) | Potential-Risk Users (n = 94) | High-Risk Users (n = 352) | |||
Gender | Male | 367 (46.5) | 40 (54.8) | 186 (65.0) | 29.34 (<0.001) |
Female | 423 (53.5) | 33 (45.2) | 100 (35.0) | ||
Birth order | First | 375 (47.5) | 37 (50.7) | 125 (43.7) | 2.95 (0.566) |
Second | 328 (41.5) | 30 (41.1) | 122 (42.7) | ||
Third and above | 87 (11.0) | 6 (8.2) | 39 (13.6) | ||
Fathers’ age (years) | ≤39.9 | 188 (23.8) | 22 (30.1) | 73 (25.5) | 2.85 (0.582) |
40.0- < 45.0 | 404 (51.1) | 38 (52.1) | 141 (49.3) | ||
≥45 | 198 (25.1) | 13 (17.8) | 72 (25.2) | ||
Fathers’ educational level | ≤High school graduate | 196 (24.8) | 17 (23.3) | 86 (30.1) | 3.32 (0.190) |
≥University graduate | 594 (75.2) | 56 (76.7) | 200 (69.9) | ||
Economic level(KRW/month) | Very low (≤3,400,000) | 129 (16.3) | 15 (20.5) | 64 (22.4) | 9.34 (0.156) |
Low 3,400,001–4,000,000) | 162 (20.5) | 13 (17.8) | 66 (23.1) | ||
Moderate (4,000,001–5,300,000) | 230 (29.1) | 17 (23.3) | 69 (24.1) | ||
High (≥5,300,001) | 269 (34.1) | 28 (38.4) | 87 (30.4) | ||
Smartphone | Have | 263 (33.3) | 24 (32.9) | 73 (25.5) | 5.97 (0.050) |
Have not | 527 (66.7) | 49 (67.1) | 213 (74.5) | ||
Media use time(hours) | No | 76 (9.6) | 2 (2.7) | 11 (3.8) | 92.308 (<0.001) |
- < 1 | 191 (24.2) | 9 (12.3) | 36 (12.6) | ||
1- < 2 | 373 (47.2) | 39 (53.4) | 110 (38.5) | ||
2- < 3 | 123 (15.6) | 15 (20.5) | 97 (33.9) | ||
≥3 | 27 (3.4) | 8 (11.0) | 32 (11.2) |
Variables | Media Device Addiction | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General vs. Potential-Risk Users | General vs. High-Risk Users | |||||||
B | SE | p | OR (95% CI) | B | SE | p | OR (95% CI) | |
Intercept | −0.99 | 2.93 | −2.16 | 1.76 | ||||
Sex (ref = female) | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.241 | 1.36 (0.81, 2.27) | 0.69 | 0.16 | <0.001 | 1.99 * (1.46, 2.71) |
Sleep time (per 1 h) | −0.10 | 0.20 | 0.625 | 0.91 (0.62, 1.34) | −0.10 | 0.12 | 0.373 | 0.90 (0.72, 1.13) |
BMI (per 1 point) | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.669 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.035 | 1.05 * (1.00, 1.11) |
Children’s perceived health status (per 1 point) | −0.01 | 0.17 | 0.964 | 0.99 (0.71, 1.39) | −0.05 | 0.10 | 0.659 | 0.96 (0.78, 1.17) |
Smartphone (ref = have not) | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.954 | 1.02 (0.59, 1.74) | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.086 | 1.34 (0.96, 1.87) |
Media use time (per 1 h) | 0.59 | 0.21 | 0.004 | 1.79 * (1.20, 2.68) | 0.90 | 0.12 | <0.001 | 2.45 * (1.93, 3.11) |
Self-esteem (per 1 point) | −0.36 | 0.28 | 0.203 | 0.70 (0.41, 1.21) | −0.39 | 0.17 | 0.022 | 0.68 * (0.49, 0.95) |
Father’s parenting practices (per 1 point) | ||||||||
Authoritative | −0.27 | 0.32 | 0.397 | 0.77 (0.41, 1.42) | −0.47 | 0.19 | 0.016 | 0.63 * (0.43, 0.92) |
Authoritarian | 0.57 | 0.33 | 0.079 | 1.78 (0.94, 3.37) | 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.065 | 1.44 (0.98, 2.12) |
Permissive | −0.34 | 0.48 | 0.479 | 0.71 (0.28, 1.81) | 0.65 | 0.29 | 0.024 | 1.92 * (1.09, 3.37) |
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Eo, Y.-S.; Lee, Y.-H. Associations between Children’s Health-Related Characteristics, Self-Esteem, and Fathers’ Parenting Practices and Media Addiction among Younger School-Aged Korean Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137773
Eo Y-S, Lee Y-H. Associations between Children’s Health-Related Characteristics, Self-Esteem, and Fathers’ Parenting Practices and Media Addiction among Younger School-Aged Korean Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137773
Chicago/Turabian StyleEo, Yong-Sook, and Yeon-Hee Lee. 2022. "Associations between Children’s Health-Related Characteristics, Self-Esteem, and Fathers’ Parenting Practices and Media Addiction among Younger School-Aged Korean Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137773