The Prospective Co-Parenting Relationship Scale (PCRS) for Sexual Minority and Heterosexual People: Preliminary Validation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Coparenting Relationship
1.2. Coparenting, Social Support, and Stigma
1.3. Measurement of Coparenting
1.4. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods (Study 1)
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedure of Data Collection
2.4. Procedure of Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cognitive Interviews
3.2. Thematic Analysis
4. Materials and Methods (Study 2)
4.1. Participants
4.2. Procedure
4.3. Measures
5. Results
5.1. EFA with the Heterosexual Sample
5.2. CFA with Heterosexual Sample
5.3. EFA with Sexual Minority Sample
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
8. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Instruments and Dimensions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Item | PCRS—Version for Sexual Minority Persons [23] | PCRS—Version for Heterosexual Persons [23] | CRS—PV [12] | CRS [2] |
(23) When I am at my wits end as a parent, my partner will give me extra support I will need. | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support |
(22) My partner will appreciate how hard I will work at being a good parent. | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support |
(4) My partner will pay a great deal of attention to our child. | Coparenting Support | ------------ | Coparenting Support | Endorse Partner Parenting |
(25) I believe my partner will be a good parent. | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Endorse Partner Parenting |
(21) We will grow and mature together through our experiences as parents. | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Closeness |
(29) My partner will tell me I am doing a good job or otherwise will let me know I am being a good parent. | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support |
(20) My partner will be willing to make personal sacrifices to help taking care of our child. | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Endorse Partner Parenting |
(24) My partner will make me feel like I am the best possible parent for our child. | Coparenting Support | ----------------------- | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support |
(16) My partner will have a lot of patience with our child. | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Endorse Partner Parenting |
(3) My partner will ask my opinion on parenting issues. | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support |
(27) My partner and I will have the same goals for our child. | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Conflict | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Agreement |
(1) Parenting will give us a focus for the future. | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Closeness | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Closeness |
(2) My relationship with my partner will be stronger after having a child. | ------------- | Coparenting Closeness | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Closeness |
(13) My partner will be sensitive to our child’s feelings and needs. | Coparenting Support | --------- | Coparenting Support | Endorse Partner Parenting |
(18) When all three of us will be together, my partner sometimes will compete with me for our child’s attention. | Coparenting Undermining | --------- | Coparenting Undermining | Coparenting Undermining |
(15) My partner will try to show that she or he is better than me at caring for our child. | Coparenting Undermining | ------------- | Coparenting Undermining | Coparenting Undermining |
(11) My partner sometimes will make jokes or sarcastic comments about the way I will be as a parent. | Coparenting Undermining | Coparenting Conflict | Coparenting Disagreement | Coparenting Undermining |
(19) My partner will undermine my parenting. | Coparenting Undermining | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Undermining | Coparenting Undermining |
(7) It will be easier and funnier to play with the child alone than with my partner. | Coparenting Undermining | ------------------ | Coparenting Undermining | Coparenting Undermining |
(26) Sometimes, I will find myself in a mildly tense or sarcastic interchange with my partner. | Coparenting Undermining | Coparenting Conflict | Coparenting Conflict | Exposure to Conflict |
(28) We will argue about our relationship or marital issues unrelated to our child, in the child’s presence. | ----------------------- | Coparenting Conflict | Coparenting Conflict | Exposure to Conflict |
(5) My partner will like to play with our child and then he/she will leave the dirty work to me. | Coparenting Undermining | --------------- | Coparenting Disagreement | Division of Labor |
(8) My partner and I will have different ideas about how to raise our child. | Coparenting Disagreement | Coparenting Conflict | Coparenting Disagreement | Coparenting Agreement |
(14) My partner and I will have different standards for our child’s behaviour. | Coparenting Disagreement | Coparenting Conflict | Coparenting Disagreement | Coparenting Agreement |
(39) My partner will have difficulties in coping with if our child is discriminated because of our sexual orientation. | Coparenting Disagreement | ------------------- | ------------------ | ------------------- |
(9) Sometimes, one or both of us will say cruel or hurtful things to each other in front of the child. | Coparenting Disagreement | -------------------- | -------------------- | Exposure to Conflict |
(43) It will be harder to be parents if our family does not support our sexual orientation. | Coparenting Disagreement | -------------------- | ----------------- | --------------------- |
(10) We will have different ideas regarding our child’s eating and sleeping habits and other routines. | Coparenting Disagreement | Coparenting Conflict | Coparenting Disagreement | Coparenting Agreement |
(6) We will argue about our child in the child’s presence. | Coparenting Disagreement | Coparenting Conflict | Coparenting Conflict | Exposure to Conflict |
(34) We will disagree about who will take care of our child: my parents or his/her parents. | Conflict with Families of Origin | Conflict with Families of Origin | --------------------- | ---------------------- |
(36) Our relationship will wear off with the interference of our parents in the way we raise our child. | Conflict with Families of Origin | Conflict with Families of Origin | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(32) The financial help provided by our parents will be a motive of disagreement between me and my partner. | Conflict with Families of Origin | Conflict with Families of Origin | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(35) The way each of our families raise children will be a motive of conflict between me and my partner. | Conflict with Families of Origin | Conflict with Families of Origin | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(42) My partner will be less comfortable in raising our child because of not having a female/male role model at home. | Conflict with Families of Origin | --------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(47) It will be easy to find health professionals who do not discriminate LGBT families. | Institutional Support | --------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(46) It will be easy to find a school, which accepts all family types. | Institutional Support | ---------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(48) It will be easy to teach our child how to deal with prejudice. | Institutional Support | --------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(45) Because they are not expecting us to have a child, our parents will provide us less support in the education of our child. | Support from Families of Origin | --------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(41) After having a child, our family will support us as parents. | Support from Families of Origin | ------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(37) Spending more time with our families of origin after being parents will improve our relationship. | Support from Families of Origin | ---------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(33) My partner will accept the tips that my parents will give about childcare. | Support from Families of Origin | --------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(31) It will be easier to raise a child if we have our parents’ support. | Support from Families of Origin | ---------------------- | --------------------- | --------------------- |
(12) My partner will not trust my abilities as a parent. | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | Coparenting Disagreement | Coparenting Undermining |
(17) We will often discuss the best way to meet our child’s needs. | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | Coparenting Support | Coparenting Support |
(9) Sometimes, one or both of us will say cruel or hurtful things to each other in front of the child. | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | Coparenting Support | Exposure to Conflict |
(30) We will yell at each other within earshot of the child. | ---------------------- | ---------------------- | Coparenting Conflict | Exposure to Conflict |
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Code | Age | Residence | Gender | Sexual Orientation | Gender Identity | Educational Attainment | Marital Status | Employment Status | Ethnicity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
JDA | 41 | Major city | Feminine | Bisexual | Woman | Master | Living together * | Part-time | Portuguese |
Luís | 45 | Major city | Masculine | Gay | Man | Master | Living together * | Full-time | Portuguese |
Castro | 28 | Town | Masculine | Gay | Man | Master | Living apart together ** | Unemployed | Portuguese |
Isabel | 38 | Major city | Feminine | Heterosexual | Woman | Master | In a civil union | Full-time | Portuguese |
CG | 29 | Town | Feminine | Heterosexual | Woman | Master | Cohabitation | Full-time | Portuguese |
Renato | 26 | Town | Masculine | Heterosexual | Man | High school | Living apart together ** | Full-time | Portuguese |
Factors | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
(22) My partner will appreciate how hard I will work at being a good parent. | 0.774 | ||||
(23) When I am at my wits end as a parent, my partner will give me extra support I will need. | 0.763 | ||||
(24) My partner will make me feel like I am the best possible parent for our child. | 0.713 | ||||
(21) We will grow and mature together through our experiences as parents. | 0.676 | ||||
(25) I believe my partner will be a good parent. | 0.650 | ||||
(4) My partner will pay a great deal of attention to our child. | 0.630 | ||||
(29) My partner will tell me I am doing a good job or otherwise will let me know I am being a good parent. | 0.597 | ||||
(3) My partner will ask my opinion on parenting issues. | 0.581 | ||||
(19) My partner will undermine my parenting. | 0.572 | ||||
(13) My partner will be sensitive to our child’s feelings and needs. | 0.537 | ||||
(20) My partner will be willing to make personal sacrifices to help taking care of our child. | 0.535 | ||||
(16) My partner will have a lot of patience with our child. | 0.497 | ||||
(7) It will be easier and funnier to play with the child alone than with my partner. | 0.473 | ||||
(8) My partner and I will have different ideas about how to raise our child. | 0.699 | ||||
(10) We will have different ideas regarding our child’s eating and sleeping habits and other routines. | 0.660 | ||||
(9) Sometimes, one or both of us will say cruel or hurtful things to each other in front of the child. | 0.654 | ||||
(30) We will yell at each other within earshot of the child. | 0.647 | ||||
(6) We will argue about our child in the child’s presence. | 0.636 | ||||
(14) My partner and I will have different standards for our child’s behaviour. | 0.595 | ||||
(26) Sometimes, I will find myself in a mildly tense or sarcastic interchange with my partner. | 0.504 | ||||
(28) We will argue about our relationship or marital issues unrelated to our child, in the child’s presence. | 0.493 | ||||
(11) My partner sometimes will make jokes or sarcastic comments about the way I will be as a parent | 0.523 | ||||
(27) My partner and I will have the same goals for our child. | 0.500 | ||||
(35) The way each of our families raise children will be a motive of conflict between me and my partner. | 0.789 | ||||
(36) Our relationship will wear off with the interference of our parents in the way we raise our child. | 0.719 | ||||
(34) We will disagree about who will take care of our child: my parents or his/her parents. | 0.631 | ||||
(32) The financial help provided by our parents will be a motive of disagreement between me and my partner. | 0.622 | ||||
(2) My relationship with my partner will be stronger after having a child. | 0.733 | ||||
(1) Parenting will give us a focus for the future. | 0.661 | ||||
(33) My partner will accept the tips that my parents will give about childcare. | 0.751 | ||||
(31) It will be easier to raise a child if we have our parents’ support. | 0.634 | ||||
(37) Spending more time with our families of origin after being parents will improve our relationship. | 0.621 |
Subscale | Cronbach’s Alphas (α) |
---|---|
Coparenting Support | 0.844 |
Coparenting Conflict | 0.833 |
Conflict Families of Origin | 0.717 |
Coparenting Closeness | 0.758 |
Positive Influence of Families of Origin | 0.499 |
Factors | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
(23) When I am at my wits end as a parent, my partner will give me extra support I will need. | 0.791 | |||||
(22) My partner will appreciate how hard I will work at being a good parent. | 0.778 | |||||
(4) My partner will pay a great deal of attention to our child. | 0.752 | |||||
(25) I believe my partner will be a good parent. | 0.746 | |||||
(21) We will grow and mature together through our experiences as parents. | 0.696 | |||||
(29) My partner will tell me I am doing a good job or otherwise will let me know I am being a good parent. | 0.693 | |||||
(20) My partner will be willing to make personal sacrifices to help taking care of our child. | 0.692 | |||||
(24) My partner will make me feel like I am the best possible parent for our child. | 0.689 | |||||
(16) My partner will have a lot of patience with our child. | 0.600 | |||||
(3) My partner will ask my opinion on parenting issues. | 0.584 | |||||
(27) My partner and I will have the same goals for our child. | 0.544 | |||||
(1) Parenting will give us a focus for the future. | 0.513 | |||||
(13) My partner will be sensitive to our child’s feelings and needs. | 0.511 | |||||
(18) When all three of us will be together, my partner sometimes will compete with me for our child’s attention. | 0.749 | |||||
(15) My partner will try to show that she or he is better than me at caring for our child. | 0.735 | |||||
(11) My partner sometimes will make jokes or sarcastic comments about the way I will be as a parent. | 0.551 | |||||
(19) My partner will undermine my parenting. | 0.546 | |||||
(7) It will be easier and funnier to play with the child alone than with my partner. | 0.506 | |||||
(26) Sometimes, I will find myself in a mildly tense or sarcastic interchange with my partner. | 0.487 | |||||
(5) My partner will like to play with our child and then he/she will leave the dirty work to me. | 0.414 | |||||
(8) My partner and I will have different ideas about how to raise our child. | 0.665 | |||||
(14) My partner and I will have different standards for our child’s behaviour. | 0.565 | |||||
(39) My partner will have difficulties in coping with if our child is discriminated because of our sexual orientation. | 0.528 | |||||
(9) Sometimes, one or both of us will say cruel or hurtful things to each other in front of the child. | 0.491 | |||||
(43) It will be harder to be parents if our family does not support our sexual orientation. | 0.457 | |||||
(10) We will have different ideas regarding our child’s eating and sleeping habits and other routines. | 0.448 | |||||
(6) We will argue about our child in the child’s presence. | 0.414 | |||||
(34) We will disagree about who will take care of our child: my parents or his/her parents. | 0.806 | |||||
(36) Our relationship will wear off with the interference of our parents in the way we raise our child. | 0.640 | |||||
(32) The financial help provided by our parents will be a motive of disagreement between me and my partner. | 0.613 | |||||
(35) The way each of our families raise children will be a motive of conflict between me and my partner. | 0.565 | |||||
(42) My partner will be less comfortable in raising our child because of not having a female/male role model at home. | 0.390 | |||||
(47) It will be easy to find health professionals who do not discriminate LGBT families. | 0.801 | |||||
(46) It will be easy to find a school, which accepts all family types. | 0.708 | |||||
(48) It will be easy to teach our child how to deal with prejudice. | 0.587 | |||||
(45) Because they are not expecting us to have a child, our parents will provide us less support in the education of our child. | 0.664 | |||||
(41) After having a child, our family will support us as parents. | 0.616 | |||||
(37) Spending more time with our families of origin after being parents will improve our relationship. | 0.558 | |||||
(33) My partner will accept the tips that my parents will give about childcare. | 0.521 | |||||
(31) It will be easier to raise a child if we have our parents’ support. | 0.518 |
Subscale | Cronbach’s Alphas (α) | Cronbach’s Alphas (α) after Removing Item * |
---|---|---|
Coparenting Support | 0.900 | |
Coparenting Undermining | 0.745 | |
Coparenting Disagreement | 0.657 | 0.687 |
Conflict with Families of Origin | 0.709 | |
Institutional Support | 0.714 | 0.795 |
Support from Families of Origin | 0.589 |
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Leal, D.; Gato, J.; Coimbra, S.; Tasker, F.; Tornello, S. The Prospective Co-Parenting Relationship Scale (PCRS) for Sexual Minority and Heterosexual People: Preliminary Validation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106345
Leal D, Gato J, Coimbra S, Tasker F, Tornello S. The Prospective Co-Parenting Relationship Scale (PCRS) for Sexual Minority and Heterosexual People: Preliminary Validation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):6345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106345
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeal, Daniela, Jorge Gato, Susana Coimbra, Fiona Tasker, and Samantha Tornello. 2022. "The Prospective Co-Parenting Relationship Scale (PCRS) for Sexual Minority and Heterosexual People: Preliminary Validation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 6345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106345