Selected Correlates of Attitudes towards Rape Victims among Polish Medical Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Population
2.2. Procedures and Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Univariate Analysis
3.2. Linear Regression Model
- Up to 10.1% (R2 ≤ 10.1%) of the variability in the dimension of attitudes towards rape victims was explained by the variables introduced into the model (victim deservingness—5.8%, victim credibility—7.6%, victim discarded—3.2%, victim blame—10.1%, and total score—9.5%).
- The dimension of ARVS: all partial results and the total result are statistically significantly influenced by gender and the field of study, while in terms of gender (men vs. women), women are characterized by lower results assessed in the ARVS scale, i.e., higher empathy in relation to victims of rape (coefficient ß is positive in all cases), and in the case of the field of study (medicine vs. other), lower ARVS scores, i.e., higher empathy distinguishes respondents studying medicine (coefficient ß is negative in all cases).
- Based on the value of the standardized regression coefficient ß, it can be concluded that gender has a greater impact on the ARVS dimension than the field of study (in all cases the absolute value of the coefficient ß is closer to zero in the case of the field of study)
- Additionally, on the basis of the regression models constructed for the partial ARVS scores and the total ARVS score, the importance of other differentiating factors or the interaction of these factors with gender was demonstrated.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
5.1. Defining the Direction of Future Research
5.2. Limitations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N | % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||||
Female | 1016 | 85.9 | ||||
Male | 167 | 14.1 | ||||
Variable | Female N | Female % | Male N | Male % | Total N | Total N% |
Level of study | ||||||
Undergraduate | 518 | 43.8 | 102 | 8.6 | 620 | 52.4 |
Graduate | 498 | 42.1 | 65 | 5.5 | 563 | 47.6 |
Field of study | ||||||
Midwifery | 148 | 12.5 | 0 | 0 | 148 | 12.5 |
Nursing | 227 | 19.2 | 11 | 0.9 | 238 | 20.1 |
Physiotherapy | 390 | 33.0 | 97 | 8.2 | 487 | 41.2 |
Dietetics | 140 | 11.9 | 11 | 0.9 | 151 | 12.8 |
Medicine | 75 | 6.3 | 32 | 2.7 | 107 | 9.0 |
Public health | 33 | 2.8 | 8 | 0.7 | 41 | 3.5 |
Emergency medical services | 3 | 0.2 | 8 | 0.7 | 11 | 0.9 |
Social environment | ||||||
Urban | 391 | 33.1 | 99 | 8.3 | 490 | 41.4 |
Rural | 625 | 52.8 | 68 | 5.8 | 693 | 58.6 |
Attitude toward religion | ||||||
Very positive | 266 | 22.5 | 22 | 1.8 | 288 | 24.3 |
Positive | 617 | 52.2 | 94 | 7.9 | 711 | 60.1 |
Indifferent | 111 | 9.4 | 42 | 3.5 | 153 | 12.9 |
Negative | 22 | 1.7 | 9 | 0.9 | 31 | 2.6 |
| Mean (95% c.i.) | SD | Median | Range |
Victim deservingness | 9.9 (9.7–10.1) | 3.5 | 9 | 6–28 |
Victim credibility | 17.6 (17.4–17.9) | 4.1 | 18 | 7–30 |
Victim blame | 16.2 (15.9–16.5) | 4.5 | 16 | 7–31 |
Victim discarded | 10.1 (9.9–10.3) | 3.1 | 10 | 5–22 |
Total score | 53.9 (53.2–54.6) | 12.0 | 54 | 25–105 |
ARVS scores |
| p | ||
Female (N = 1016) | Male (N = 167) | |||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 9.7 (9.4–9.9) | 11.7 (11.1–12.2) | 0.0000 | |
Victim credibility | 17.2 (17.0–17.5) | 20.1 (19.5–20.6) | 0.0000 | |
Victim blame | 16.0 (15.7–16.3) | 17.6 (17.1–18.2) | 0.0000 | |
Victim discarded | 9.7 (9.6–9.9) | 12.3 (11.8–12.8) | 0.0000 | |
Total score | 52.6 (51.9–53.3) | 61.6 (60.0–63.2) | 0.0000 | |
ARVS scores |
| p | ||
Very positive (N = 288) | Positive (N = 711) | Indifferent and negative (N = 184) | ||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 9.9 (9.5–10.4) | 9.8 (9.6–10.1) | 10.3 (9.7–10.8) | 0.3157 |
Victim credibility | 17.9 (17.4–18.4) | 17.6 (17.3–17.9) | 17.4 (16.7–18.1) | 0.3590 |
Victim blame | 16.3 (15.8–16.8) | 16.2 (15.9–16.5) | 16.0 (15.3–16.7) | 0.7533 |
Victim discarded | 10.1 (9.8–10.5) | 10.1 (9.8–10.3) | 10.2 (9.7–10.7) | 0.9169 |
Total score | 54.3 (53.0–55.6) | 53.7 (52.9–54.6) | 53.8 (51.8–55.9) | 0.7882 |
ARVS scores |
| p | ||
Urban (N = 490) | Rural (N = 693) | |||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 9.9 (9.6–10.2) | 10.0 (9.7–10.2) | 0.7369 | |
Victim credibility | 17.4 (17.0–17.8) | 17.8 (17.5–18.1) | 0.1131 | |
Victim blame | 16.0 (15.6–16.4) | 16.4 (16.0–16.7) | 0.1685 | |
Victim discarded | 10.0 (9.7–10.2) | 10.2 (10.0–10.4) | 0.1757 | |
Total score | 53.2 (52.1–54.4) | 54.3 (53.5–55.2) | 0.1286 | |
ARVS scores |
| p | ||
Midwifery and nursing (N = 386) | Medicine (N = 107) | Other fields (N = 690) | ||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 10.1 (9.8–10.5) | 9.1 (8.5–9.6) | 10.0 (9.7–10.2) | 0.0187 |
Victim credibility | 17.5 (17.1–17.9) | 16.6 (15.7–17.5) | 17.9 (17.5–18.2) | 0.0100 |
Victim blame | 16.5 (16.1–17.0) | 14.7 (13.9–15.4) | 16.2 (15.9–16.6) | 0.0006 |
Victim discarded | 9.9 (9.6–10.2) | 9.5 (8.8–10.1) | 10.3 (10.1–10.6) | 0.0056 |
Total score | 54.1 (52.9–55.2) | 49.7 (47.3–52.2) | 54.4 (53.5–55.3) | 0.0008 |
ARVS measures |
| p | ||
Undergraduate (N = 620) | Graduate (N = 563) | |||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 9.8 (9.6–10.1) | 10.0 (9.8–10.3) | 0.3084 | |
Victim credibility | 18.0 (17.6–18.3) | 17.3 (16.9–17.6) | 0.0059 | |
Victim blame | 16.2 (15.9–16.6) | 16.1 (15.8–16.5) | 0.7258 | |
Victim discarded | 10.2 (10.0–10.5) | 10.0 (9.7–10.2) | 0.1980 | |
Total score | 54.2 (53.3–55.2) | 53.5 (52.4–54.5) | 0.2610 |
ARVS scores |
| p | ||
Very positive (N = 266) | Positive (N = 617) | Indifferent and negative (N = 133) | ||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 9.8 (9.4–10.2) | 9.6 (9.3–9.8) | 9.6 (9.0–10.3) | 0.6298 |
Victim credibility | 17.7 (17.2–18.2) | 17.2 (16.9–17.5) | 16.4 (15.5–17.2) | 0.0071 |
Victim blame | 16.3 (15.7–16.8) | 16.0 (15.6–16.3) | 15.3 (14.5–16.2) | 0.1057 |
Victim discarded | 10.0 (9.7–10.3) | 9.7 (9.5–10.0) | 9.2 (8.6–9.7) | 0.0142 |
Total score | 53.8 (52.5–55.2) | 52.5 (51.6–53.4) | 50.5 (48.1–53.0) | 0.0157 |
ARVS scores |
| p | ||
Urban (N = 391) | Rural (N = 625) | |||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 9.5 (9.1–9.8) | 9.8 (9.5–10.0) | 0.0221 | |
Victim credibility | 16.7 (16.3–17.1) | 17.6 (17.3–17.9) | 0.0004 | |
Victim blame | 15.6 (15.1–16.1) | 16.2 (15.8–16.5) | 0.0355 | |
Victim discarded | 9.4 (9.1–9.7) | 10.0 (9.7–10.2) | 0.0003 | |
Total score | 51.1 (49.9–52.4) | 53.5 (52.6–54.4) | 0.0007 | |
ARVS scores |
| p | ||
Midwifery and nursing (N = 375) | Medicine (N = 75) | Other fields (N = 566) | ||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 10.1 (9.7–10.4) | 8.7 (8.0–9.4) | 9.5 (9.2–9.8) | 0.0004 |
Victim credibility | 17.4 (17.0–17.8) | 15.8 (14.6–16.9) | 17.3 (17.0–17.6) | 0.0165 |
Victim blame | 16.5 (16.0–17.0) | 13.9 (12.9–14.8) | 15.9 (15.5–16.3) | 0.0000 |
Victim discarded | 9.8 (9.5–10.1) | 8.8 (8.0–9.5) | 9.8 (9.6–10.1) | 0.0053 |
Total score | 53.8 (52.7–55.0) | 47.1 (44.2–50.1) | 52.5 (51.6–53.5) | 0.0000 |
ARVS measures |
| p | ||
Undergraduate (N = 518) | Graduate (N = 498) | |||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 9.4 (9.2–9.7) | 9.9 (9.6–10.2) | 0.0283 | |
Victim credibility | 17.5 (17.1–17.8) | 17.0 (16.6–17.4) | 0.0439 | |
Victim blame | 16.0 (15.6–16.4) | 16.0 (15.5–16.4) | 0.8507 | |
Victim discarded | 9.8 (9.5–10.0) | 9.7 (9.4–10.0) | 0.6402 | |
Total score | 52.6 (51.7–53.6) | 52.6 (51.5–53.6) | 0.7045 |
ARVS scores |
| p | ||
Very positive (N = 22) | Positive (N = 94) | Indifferent and negative (N = 51) | ||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 11.6 (10.1–13.1) | 11.5 (10.8–12.3) | 11.9 (11.0–12.9) | 0.5922 |
Victim credibility | 20.2 (18.8–21.5) | 20.0 (19.3–20.7) | 20.1 (19.0–21.1) | 0.9325 |
Victim blame | 16.5 (14.9–18.2) | 17.8 (17.0–18.5) | 17.7 (16.7–18.7) | 0.1974 |
Victim discarded | 11.6 (10.1–13.2) | 12.2 (11.6–12.8) | 12.7 (11.9–13.6) | 0.3460 |
Total score | 60.0 (55.7–64.2) | 61.6 (59.4–63.7) | 62.5 (59.5–65.5) | 0.6179 |
ARVS scores |
| p | ||
Urban (N = 99) | Rural (N = 68) | |||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 11.6 (10.9–12.4) | 11.7 (10.9–12.5) | 0.7424 | |
Victim credibility | 20.2 (19.5–20.9) | 19.8 (19.0–20.6) | 0.4340 | |
Victim blame | 17.4 (16.7–18.2) | 17.8 (17.0–18.7) | 0.3587 | |
Victim discarded | 12.3 (11.6–12.9) | 12.4 (11.6–13.1) | 0.8789 | |
Total score | 61.6 (59.4–63.7) | 61.7 (59.3–64.2) | 0.8386 | |
ARVS scores |
| p | ||
Midwifery and nursing (N = 11) | Medicine (N = 32) | Other fields (N = 124) | ||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 11.3 (8.7–13.8) | 9.8 (8.8–10.8) | 12.2 (11.6–12.8) | 0.0012 |
Victim credibility | 20.7 (18.8–22.6) | 18.5 (17.0–19.9) | 20.4 (19.8–21.0) | 0.0362 |
Victim blame | 18.7 (16.8–20.7) | 16.5 (15.2–17.9) | 17.8 (17.1–18.4) | 0.1526 |
Victim discarded | 12.0 (10.1–13.9) | 11.1 (9.9–12.2) | 12.6 (12.1–13.2) | 0.0638 |
Total score | 62.7 (56.8–68.7) | 55.9 (51.9–59.9) | 63.0 (61.2–64.8) | 0.0069 |
ARVS measures |
| p | ||
Undergraduate (N = 102) | Graduate (N = 65) | |||
Mean (95% c.i.) | ||||
Victim deservingness | 11.9 (11.2–12.6) | 11.3 (10.5–12.1) | 0.3221 | |
Victim credibility | 20.4 (19.7–21.1) | 19.5 (18.6–20.4) | 0.0893 | |
Victim blame | 17.6 (16.9–18.3) | 17.6 (16.6–18.5) | 0.8200 | |
Victim discarded | 12.4 (11.8–13.0) | 12.1 (11.3–12.9) | 0.5535 | |
Total score | 62.4 (60.4–64.4) | 60.4 (57.7–63.1) | 0.2910 |
Independent features |
| ||
B (95% c.i.) | p | β | |
Gender (male vs. female) | 2.119 (1.559; 2.679) | 0.0000 | 0.21 |
Field of study (medicine vs. other) | −1.361 (−2.039; −0.684) | 0.0001 | −0.11 |
Gender (male vs. female) × Level of study (graduate vs. undergraduate) | −0.486 (−0.873; −0.100) | 0.0136 | −0.07 |
Independent features |
| ||
B (95% c.i.) | p | β | |
Gender (male vs. female) | 3.011 (2.350; 3.671) | 0.0000 | 0.25 |
Field of study (medicine vs. other) | −1.538 (−2.346; −0.730) | 0.0002 | −0.11 |
Gender × Social environment (rural vs. urban) | −0.704 (−1.175; −0.233) | 0.0034 | −0.08 |
Independent features |
| ||
B (95% c.i.) | p | β | |
Gender (male vs. female) | 1.877 (1.137; 2.616) | 0.0000 | 0.14 |
Field of study (medicine vs. other) | −2.023 (−2.921; −1.125) | 0.0000 | −0.13 |
Independent features |
| ||
B (95% c.i.) | p | β | |
Gender (male vs. female) | 3.057 (2.499; 3.616) | 0.0000 | 0.34 |
Social environment (rural vs. urban) | 0.401 (0.048; 0.754) | 0.0262 | 0.06 |
Field of study (medicine vs. other) | −0.997 (−1.604; −0.389) | 0.0013 | −0.09 |
Gender (male vs. female) × Attitude toward religion (very positive and positive vs. indifferent and negative) | −0.527 (−1.004; −0.051) | 0.0302 | −0.07 |
Independent features |
| ||
B (95% c.i.) | p | β | |
Gender (male vs. female) | 9.759 (7.868; 11.649) | 0.0000 | 0.28 |
Field of study (medicine vs. other) | −5.897 (−8.209; −3.584) | 0.0000 | −0.14 |
Gender (male vs. female) × Social environment (rural vs. urban) | −1.591 (−2.939; −0.244) | 0.0206 | −0.06 |
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Perenc, L.; Podgórska-Bednarz, J.; Guzik, A.; Drużbicki, M. Selected Correlates of Attitudes towards Rape Victims among Polish Medical Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105896
Perenc L, Podgórska-Bednarz J, Guzik A, Drużbicki M. Selected Correlates of Attitudes towards Rape Victims among Polish Medical Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):5896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105896
Chicago/Turabian StylePerenc, Lidia, Justyna Podgórska-Bednarz, Agnieszka Guzik, and Mariusz Drużbicki. 2022. "Selected Correlates of Attitudes towards Rape Victims among Polish Medical Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 5896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105896