Car Driving Status and Living Arrangement Associated with Sarcopenia among Rural Japanese Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Sarcopenia
2.3. Car Driving Status
2.4. Living Arrangement
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Drivers | Non-Drivers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Living with Others | Living Alone | Living with Others | Living Alone | p-Value | ||
738 | 392 (53.1) | 62 (8.4) | 210 (28.5) | 74 (10.0) | ||
Sex | <0.01 | |||||
Men | 273 (36.8) | 209 (53.3) | 23 (37.1) | 31 (14.8) | 10 (13.5) | |
Women | 465 (63.2) | 183 (46.7) | 39 (62.9) | 179 (85.2) | 64 (86.5) | |
Age | 73.7 (8.1) | 71.0 (8.1) | 72.6 (5.8) | 77.4 (6.7) | 79.1 (6.7) | <0.01 |
Current Smoking | <0.01 | |||||
No | 695 (94.2) | 362 (92.3) | 54 (87.1) | 205 (97.6) | 74 (100.0) | |
Yes | 43 (5.8) | 30 (7.7) | 8 (12.9) | 5 (2.4) | 0 | |
Current Alcohol Drinking | <0.01 | |||||
No | 490 (66.4) | 215 (54.8) | 33 (53.2) | 178 (84.8) | 64 (86.5) | |
Yes | 248 (33.6) | 177 (45.2) | 29 (46.8) | 32 (15.2) | 10 (13.5) | |
Exercise | 0.56 | |||||
No | 214 (29.0) | 120 (30.6) | 20 (32.3) | 54 (25.7) | 20 (27.0) | |
Yes | 524 (71.0) | 272 (69.4) | 42 (67.7) | 156 (74.3) | 54 (73.0) | |
Number of Current Chronic Diseases | 1.7 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.9 (1.2) | 2.0 (1.5) | 1.9 (1.3) | <0.01 |
Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (Men: <7.0 kg/m2, Women: <5.7 kg/m2) | 180 (24.4) | 84 (21.4) | 13 (21.0) | 58 (27.6) | 25 (33.8) | 0.07 |
Grip Strength (Men: <28 kg, Women: <18 kg) | 100 (13.6) | 32 (8.2) | 10 (16.1) | 30 (14.3) | 28 (37.8) | <0.01 |
Walking Speed ( <1.0 m/s) | 183 (24.8) | 66 (16.8) | 11 (17.7) | 77 (36.7) | 29 (39.2) | <0.01 |
Sarcopenia | <0.01 | |||||
No | 655 (88.8) | 362 (92.3) | 60 (96.8) | 178 (84.8) | 55 (74.3) | |
Yes | 83 (11.2) | 30 (7.7) | 2 (3.2) | 32 (15.2) | 19 (25.7) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude model | Crude model | Adjusted model | Adjusted model | Adjusted model | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Car driving status | |||||
Driver | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Non-driver | 2.89 (1.80, 4.62) | 1.69 (0.92, 3.09) | |||
Living arrangement | |||||
Living with others | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |||
Living alone | 1.59 (0.93, 2.71) | 1.28 (0.72, 2.28) | |||
Driving status and living arrangement | |||||
Driver and living with others | 1 (reference) | ||||
Driver and living alone | 0.41 (0.09, 1.83) | ||||
Non-driver and living with others | 1.30 (0.67, 2.52) | ||||
Non-driver and living alone | 2.21 (1.02, 4.80) | ||||
Sex | |||||
Men | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
Women | 0.63 (0.33, 1.18) | 0.75 (0.42, 1.33) | 0.65 (0.35, 1.24) | ||
Age | 1.14 (1.09, 1.18) | 1.15 (1.10, 1.19) | 1.13 (1.09, 1.18) | ||
Current smoking | |||||
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
Yes | 0.83 (0.18, 3.84) | 0.79 (0.17, 3.72) | 0.90 (0.19, 4.23) | ||
Current alcohol drinking | |||||
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
Yes | 0.89 (0.47, 1.69) | 0.82 (0.44, 1.55) | 0.90 (0.47, 1.71) | ||
Exercise | |||||
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
Yes | 1.01 (0.58, 1.76) | 1.01 (0.58, 1.76) | 1.00 (0.57, 1.75) | ||
Current chronic diseases | 1.04 (0.88, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.24) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.25) |
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Hamano, T.; Abe, T.; Miyazaki, R.; Okuyama, K.; Sundquist, K.; Nabika, T. Car Driving Status and Living Arrangement Associated with Sarcopenia among Rural Japanese Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010414
Hamano T, Abe T, Miyazaki R, Okuyama K, Sundquist K, Nabika T. Car Driving Status and Living Arrangement Associated with Sarcopenia among Rural Japanese Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010414
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamano, Tsuyoshi, Takafumi Abe, Ryo Miyazaki, Kenta Okuyama, Kristina Sundquist, and Toru Nabika. 2022. "Car Driving Status and Living Arrangement Associated with Sarcopenia among Rural Japanese Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010414