Factors Associated with Having Family/Whānau or Close Friends Who Used Alcohol or Other Drugs in Harmful Ways among University Students in New Zealand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Data Source
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Demographic Characteristics
2.2.2. Alcohol Use
2.2.3. Drug Use
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Alcohol Use
3.3. The Association between Having Family/Whānau or Close Friend Who Consumed Alcohol in a Harmful Way, with Age, Gender, and Ethnicity
3.4. Other Drug Use
3.5. The Association between Having Family/Whānau or Close Friend Who Used Drugs (Cannabis, Ecstasy or mdma, or Prescription Drugs) in a Harmful Way with Age, Gender, and Ethnicity
3.5.1. Cannabis
3.5.2. Ecstasy or MDMA
3.5.3. Prescription Drugs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- ÖZDAL, M.A.; Kirikkaleli, Z. Alcohol, Crime and suicide: Empirical evidence from oecd countries. Yönetim Ekon. Araştırmaları Derg. 2018, 16, 255–263. [Google Scholar]
- Degenhardt, L.; Charlson, F.; Ferrari, A.; Santomauro, D.; Erskine, H.; Mantilla-Herrara, A.; Whiteford, H.; Leung, J.; Naghavi, M.; Griswold, M. The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Psychiatry 2018, 5, 987–1012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switerland, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Health. New Zealand Health Survey: Annual Data Explorer. Available online: https://minhealthnz.shinyapps.io/nz-health-survey-2020-21-annual-data-explorer/_w_f0009fb8/#!/explore-indicators (accessed on 11 December 2021).
- Peacock, A.; Leung, J.; Larney, S.; Colledge, S.; Hickman, M.; Rehm, J.; Giovino, G.A.; West, R.; Hall, W.; Griffiths, P. Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report. Addiction 2018, 113, 1905–1926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Connor, J.; Kydd, R.; Shield, K.; Rehm, J. The burden of disease and injury attributable to alcohol in New Zealanders under 80 years of age: Marked disparities by ethnicity and sex. Cancer 2015, 2, 3. [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Transport. Drug Driving Testing. August 2020. Available online: http://www.transport.govt.nz/area-of-interest/safety/drug-driving-testing/ (accessed on 27 November 2020).
- Poulsen, H.; Moar, R.; Pirie, R. The culpability of drivers killed in New Zealand road crashes and their use of alcohol and other drugs. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2014, 67, 119–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahlner, J.; Holmgren, A.; Jones, A.W. Prevalence of alcohol and other drugs and the concentrations in blood of drivers killed in road traffic crashes in Sweden. Scand. J. Public Health 2014, 42, 177–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inter-Agency Committee on Drugs. National Drug Policy 2015 to 2020; Ministry of Health: Wellington, New Zealand, 2015; pp. 1–30.
- Casswell, S.; Harding, J.F.; You, R.Q.; Huckle, T. Alcohol’s harm to others: Self reports from a representative sample of New Zealanders. N. Z. Med. J. 2011, 124, 75–84. [Google Scholar]
- Casswell, S.; You, R.Q.; Huckle, T. Alcohol’s harm to others: Reduced wellbeing and health status for those with heavy drinkers in their lives. Addiction 2011, 106, 1087–1094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Connor, J.L.; Kypri, K.; Bell, M.L.; Cousins, K. Alcohol involvement in aggression between intimate partners in New Zealand: A national cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2011, 1, e000065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ministry of Health. Alcohol and Other Drug Policy. Available online: https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/mental-health-and-addiction/addiction/alcohol-and-other-drug-policy (accessed on 13 December 2021).
- Branstetter, S.A.; Low, S.; Furman, W. The influence of parents and friends on adolescent substance use: A multidimensional approach. J. Subst. Use 2011, 16, 150–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brooks-Russell, A.; Simons-Morton, B.; Haynie, D.; Farhat, T.; Wang, J. Longitudinal relationship between drinking with peers, descriptive norms, and adolescent alcohol use. Prev. Sci. 2014, 15, 497–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results, 2007; Australian Bureau of Statistics: Canberra, Australia, 2008.
- Borsari, B.; Carey, K.B. How the quality of peer relationships influences college alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2006, 25, 361–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Connor, J.; Psutka, R.; Cousins, K.; Gray, A.; Kypri, K. Risky drinking, risky sex: A national study of New Zealand university students. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2013, 37, 1971–1978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kypri, K.; Paschall, M.J.; Langley, J.; Baxter, J.; Cashell Smith, M.; Bourdeau, B. Drinking and alcohol—Related harm among New Zealand university students: Findings from a National Web—Based Survey. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2009, 33, 307–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El Ansari, W.; Sebena, R.; Labeeb, S. Multiple risk factors: Prevalence and correlates of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use among university students in Egypt. J. Subst. Use 2015, 20, 380–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rickwood, D.; George, A.; Parker, R.; Mikhailovich, K. Harmful alcohol use on campus: Impact on young people at university. Youth Stud. Aust. 2011, 30, 34–40. [Google Scholar]
- Davoren, M.P.; Demant, J.; Shiely, F.; Perry, I.J. Alcohol consumption among university students in Ireland and the United Kingdom from 2002 to 2014: A systematic review. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hingson, R.W.; Zha, W.; Weitzman, E.R. Magnitude of and trends in alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among US college students ages 18–24, 1998–2005. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs Suppl. 2009, 12–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- White, A.; Hingson, R. The burden of alcohol use: Excessive alcohol consumption and related consequences among college students. Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev. 2013, 35, 201–218. [Google Scholar]
- Cabalatungan, S.; McCarthy, B. Second-hand effects of college drinking and educational experiences: Findings from an analysis of pooled cross-sections. Drugs: Educ. Prev. Policy 2015, 22, 463–469. [Google Scholar]
- Student Job Search. Who Can Use Us. Available online: https://www.sjs.co.nz/content/students-who-can-use-us (accessed on 25 May 2021).
- Boniface, S.; Kneale, J.; Shelton, N. Drinking pattern is more strongly associated with under-reporting of alcohol consumption than socio-demographic factors: Evidence from a mixed-methods study. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nielsen, D.G.; Andersen, K.; Nielsen, A.S.; Juhl, C.; Mellentin, A. Consistency between self-reported alcohol consumption and biological markers among patients with alcohol use disorder—A systematic review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2021, 124, 370–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quinn, D.M.; Earnshaw, V.A. Concealable stigmatized identities and psychological well-being. Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 2013, 7, 40–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Burns, S.; Crawford, G.; Hallett, J.; Jancey, J.; Portsmouth, L.; Hunt, K.; Longo, J. Consequences of low risk and hazardous alcohol consumption among university students in Australia and implications for health promotion interventions. Open J. Prev. Med. 2015, 5, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Trockel, M.; Wall, A.; Reis, J. Impact of perceived second-hand consequences related to alcohol use on college students’ drinking behavior intent: A test of feasibility. J. Drug Educ. 2002, 32, 179–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arria, A.M.; Caldeira, K.M.; Allen, H.K.; Bugbee, B.A.; Vincent, K.B.; O’Grady, K.E. Prevalence and incidence of drug use among college students: An 8-year longitudinal analysis. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abus. 2017, 43, 711–718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
(n = 946), % | |
---|---|
Age (years) | |
18–24 | 751 (79.4) |
25–34 | 152 (16.1) |
35 or older | 43 (4.5) |
Gender | |
Male | 371 (39.2) |
Female | 555 (58.7) |
Other | 20 (2.1) |
Ethnicity * | |
New Zealand European | 469 (49.6) |
Māori | 80 (8.5) |
Pasifika | 110 (11.6) |
Asian | 186 (19.7) |
Other | 228 (24.1) |
Survey type | |
Online | 171 (18.1) |
Paper | 775 (81.9) |
Online (n = 159) % (95% CI) | Paper (n = 714) % (95% CI) | Total (n = 873) % (95% CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | 40.9 (33.5–48.7) | 35.2 (31.7–38.7) | 36.2 (33.1–39.4) | 0.127 |
No | 56.0 (48.2–63.5) | 63.3 (59.7–66.8) | 62.0 (58.7–65.1) | |
Would rather not say | 3.1 (1.4–7.2) | 1.5 (0.9–2.7) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0) |
B | AOR | 95% CI | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol use vs. No alcohol use | Age | 18–24 years | Ref | |||
25–34 years | 0.17 | 1.18 | 0.77–1.81 | 0.445 | ||
35 or older | −0.08 | 0.92 | 0.47–1.82 | 0.818 | ||
Gender | Male | Ref | ||||
Female | −0.14 | 0.87 | 0.65–1.18 | 0.368 | ||
Other | 0.17 | 1.18 | 0.42–3.37 | 0.753 | ||
Ethnicity | NZ European | 0.50 | 1.65 | 0.98–2.77 | 0.062 | |
Maori | 0.92 | 2.50 | 1.50–4.18 | <0.001 | ||
Pasifika | 0.36 | 1.44 | 0.80–2.58 | 0.227 | ||
Asian | −0.43 | 0.65 | 0.37–1.16 | 0.147 | ||
Other | −0.30 | 0.74 | 0.43–1.29 | 0.286 |
(n = 798) | % | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|
At least one drug including ‘other’ | 342 | 42.9 | 39.5–46.3 |
Cannabis | 261 | 32.7 | 29.5–36.0 |
Synthetic cannabis | 39 | 4.9 | 3.6–6.6 |
Ecstasy or MDMA | 201 | 25.2 | 22.3–28.3 |
Methamphetamine (Meth, P) | 49 | 6.1 | 4.7–8.0 |
Cocaine | 44 | 5.5 | 4.1–7.3 |
Heroin | 15 | 1.9 | 1.1–3.1 |
Prescription drugs | 84 | 10.5 | 8.6–12.9 |
Inhalants (e.g., sniffing glue, lighter fluid, solvents, etc.) | 33 | 4.1 | 3.0–5.8 |
Other | 43 | 5.4 | 4.0–7.2 |
No, I do not have a family member or close friend who used any of the above | 439 | 55.0 | 5.6–58.4 |
Would rather not say | 17 | 2.1 | 1.3–3.4 |
B | AOR | 95% CI | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cannabis use vs. No cannabis use | Age | 18–24 years | Ref | |||
25–34 years | 0.73 | 2.08 | 1.23–3.52 | 0.006 | ||
35 or older | 0.61 | 1.83 | 0.80–4.18 | 0.150 | ||
Gender | Male | Ref | ||||
Female | 0.02 | 1.02 | 0.74–1.42 | 0.889 | ||
Other | 0.20 | 1.22 | 0.42–3.55 | 0.711 | ||
Ethnicity | NZ European | 1.45 | 4.26 | 2.48–7.32 | <0.001 | |
Maori | 1.51 | 4.53 | 2.55–8.06 | <0.001 | ||
Pasifika | 0.72 | 2.06 | 1.08–3.92 | 0.028 | ||
Asian | 0.17 | 1.18 | 0.64–2.19 | 0.591 | ||
Other | 0.82 | 2.27 | 1.29–4.00 | 0.005 | ||
Ecstasy/MDMA use vs. No ecstasy/MDMA use | Age | 18–24 years | Ref | |||
25–34 years | 1.06 | 2.88 | 1.53–5.43 | 0.001 | ||
35 or older | 1.03 | 2.81 | 0.96–8.22 | 0.060 | ||
Gender | Male | Ref | ||||
Female | 0.05 | 1.05 | 0.74–1.49 | 0.803 | ||
Other | 0.86 | 2.37 | 0.63–8.92 | 0.201 | ||
Ethnicity | NZ European | 1.71 | 5.50 | 3.04–9.96 | <0.001 | |
Maori | 0.63 | 1.88 | 1.06–3.35 | 0.031 | ||
Pasifika | −0.19 | 0.83 | 0.38–1.81 | 0.640 | ||
Asian | 0.11 | 1.11 | 0.56–2.21 | 0.761 | ||
Other | 1.00 | 2.72 | 1.47–5.03 | 0.001 | ||
Prescription drug use vs. No prescription drug use | Age | 18–24 years | Ref | |||
25–34 years | 0.76 | 2.13 | 0.89–5.13 | 0.091 | ||
35 or older | 0.31 | 1.36 | 0.40–4.61 | 0.617 | ||
Gender | Male | Ref | ||||
Female | 0.14 | 1.15 | 0.72–1.85 | 0.558 | ||
Other | −0.34 | 0.71 | 0.19–2.63 | 0.609 | ||
Ethnicity | NZ European | 0.58 | 1.79 | 0.79–4.04 | 0.161 | |
Maori | 0.36 | 1.43 | 0.69–2.97 | 0.337 | ||
Pasifika | −0.23 | 0.80 | 0.29–2.21 | 0.662 | ||
Asian | −0.44 | 0.65 | 0.25–1.70 | 0.377 | ||
Other | 0.09 | 1.09 | 0.47–2.54 | 0.843 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wamamili, B.; Stewart, P.; Wallace-Bell, M. Factors Associated with Having Family/Whānau or Close Friends Who Used Alcohol or Other Drugs in Harmful Ways among University Students in New Zealand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010243
Wamamili B, Stewart P, Wallace-Bell M. Factors Associated with Having Family/Whānau or Close Friends Who Used Alcohol or Other Drugs in Harmful Ways among University Students in New Zealand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010243
Chicago/Turabian StyleWamamili, Ben, Pauline Stewart, and Mark Wallace-Bell. 2022. "Factors Associated with Having Family/Whānau or Close Friends Who Used Alcohol or Other Drugs in Harmful Ways among University Students in New Zealand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010243