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Volume 19
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10.3390/ijerph19010234
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Article

Health Risk Assessment in Southern Carpathians Small Rural Communities Using Karst Springs as a Drinking Water Source

by
Ana Moldovan
1,2,
Anamaria Iulia Török
1,
Ionuț Cornel Mirea
3,
Valer Micle
2,
Oana Teodora Moldovan
4 and
Erika Andrea Levei
1,*
1
INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
2
Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
3
Department of Geospeleology and Paleontology, Emil Racovita Institute of Speleology, 050711 Bucharest, Romania
4
Cluj-Napoca Department, Emil Racovita Institute of Speleology, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010234
Submission received: 30 October 2021 / Revised: 17 December 2021 / Accepted: 23 December 2021 / Published: 26 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Risk of Inorganic and Organic Contaminants in Drinking, Surface and Ground Water)
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Abstract

The chemical quality of waters from eight karst springs from the Southern Carpathians and the health risk of small rural communities using these springs as a drinking water source were assessed. The results indicated that the spring waters in the studied area are chemically suitable to be used as drinking water and pose no health risks for adults and children. The spring water can be generally described as having circumneutral pH, Ca-Mg-HCO3− facies, excellent to good palatability, and low trace metal and nitrate content. The variation of chemical parameters between spring and autumn was low. These springs could become appropriate drinking water sources for the neighboring rural communities after the assessment of their microbiological status and, if it is the case, proper water treatment. Moreover, periodic monitoring of the water’s chemical parameters, mostly nitrates, as well as the establishment of a protected area near the springs to prevent the negative impact of anthropogenic sources on water quality is recommended.
Keywords: water quality; health risk assessment; drinking water; karst spring; rural communities water quality; health risk assessment; drinking water; karst spring; rural communities

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MDPI and ACS Style

Moldovan, A.; Török, A.I.; Mirea, I.C.; Micle, V.; Moldovan, O.T.; Levei, E.A. Health Risk Assessment in Southern Carpathians Small Rural Communities Using Karst Springs as a Drinking Water Source. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010234

AMA Style

Moldovan A, Török AI, Mirea IC, Micle V, Moldovan OT, Levei EA. Health Risk Assessment in Southern Carpathians Small Rural Communities Using Karst Springs as a Drinking Water Source. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010234

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moldovan, Ana, Anamaria Iulia Török, Ionuț Cornel Mirea, Valer Micle, Oana Teodora Moldovan, and Erika Andrea Levei. 2022. "Health Risk Assessment in Southern Carpathians Small Rural Communities Using Karst Springs as a Drinking Water Source" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010234

APA Style

Moldovan, A., Török, A. I., Mirea, I. C., Micle, V., Moldovan, O. T., & Levei, E. A. (2022). Health Risk Assessment in Southern Carpathians Small Rural Communities Using Karst Springs as a Drinking Water Source. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010234

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