Feasibility, Effectiveness, and Mechanisms of a Brief Mindfulness- and Compassion-Based Program to Reduce Stress in University Students: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Mindfulness- and Compassion-Based Program: MCBP for University Life
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Sociodemographic Information
2.4.2. Feasibility
2.4.3. Main Outcomes
2.4.4. Mechanistic Variables
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Feasibility
3.2. Effectiveness of the MBP
3.3. Correlations between Variables and Change Scores
3.4. Mediating Role of Mindfulness Skills, Decentering, Self-Compassion, and Experiential Avoidance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline Characteristic | MBP Condition (n = 15) | WL Condition (n = 15) | Full Sample (n = 30) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
Age | 22.08 | 3.65 | 22.5 | 4.64 | 22.29 | 4.17 |
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 11 | 73 | 14 | 93 | 25 | 83 |
Male | 4 | 27 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 17 |
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 8 | 53 | 9 | 60 | 17 | 57 |
Committed relationship | 7 | 47 | 6 | 40 | 13 | 43 |
Perceived parental support | ||||||
Insufficient | 2 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 |
Good | 8 | 53 | 8 | 53 | 16 | 53 |
Very good | 5 | 34 | 7 | 47 | 12 | 40 |
Perceived social support a | 12 | 80 | 10 | 67 | 22 | 73 |
Previous participation in stress management programs a | 1 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 7 |
Having a chronic disease a | 2 | 13 | 3 | 20 | 5 | 17 |
Previous medication a | 2 | 13 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 10 |
Session | Program Topic | Meditations and Practices |
---|---|---|
Session 1 | Introduction to the basics | Mindful raisin-eating meditation The 3-step breathing space |
Session 2 | Obstacles to practice | Body Scan (breath–body) Conscious movements |
Session 3 | The breath and the body | Mindfulness of breathing focusing on the belly Mindfulness of nose-focused breathing |
Session 4 | Thoughts and emotions | The samurai and the fly (video) Attentive listening 50/50 |
Session 5 | Kindness and compassion | Sounds and thoughts Compassion (and self-compassion) |
Session 6 | Mindfulness for life | Group reflection on key learning points Guidelines to keep practicing independently in our daily lives |
Measurement | MCBP Condition | WL Condition | ANCOVA | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Test | Post-Test | t (13) | p | d | Pre-Test | Post-Test | t (9) | p | d | F (1, 21) | p | ηp2 | |
PSS | 27.86 (8.05) | 18.14 (4.35) | 4.49 | <0.001 | 1.20 | 30.30 (4.92) | 27.50 (6.72) | 2.01 | 0.076 | 0.63 | 15.82 | <0.001 | 0.43 |
GHQ-12 | 16.21 (6.53) | 5.93 (5.53) | 5.06 | <0.001 | 1.35 | 14.29 (6.29) | 14.00 (6.33) | 0.33 | 0.749 | 0.10 | 14.19 | 0.001 | 0.40 |
FFMQ-SF | 48.36 (7.96) | 56.07 (4.27) | −5.04 | <0.001 | −1.35 | 46.57 (8.83) | 47.00 (9.29) | −0.36 | 0.729 | −0.11 | 18.25 | <0.001 | 0.47 |
EQ | 36.29 (6.64) | 44.36 (4.13) | −5.99 | <0.001 | −1.60 | 32.36 (5.42) | 33.80 (5.57) | −1.63 | 0.137 | −0.52 | 19.22 | <0.001 | 0.48 |
SCS-SF | 3.19 (0.51) | 3.86 (0.34) | −6.75 | <0.001 | −1.80 | 2.53 (0.65) | 2.71 (0.75) | −1.49 | 0.170 | −0.47 | 14.77 | <0.001 | 0.41 |
AAQII | 24.21 (8.53) | 16.08 (6.34) | 4.44 | <1.001 | 1.23 | 24.64 (1.10) | 27.00 (9.85) | −0.40 | 0.698 | −0.13 | 37.06 | <0.001 | 0.47 |
∆ PSS | ∆ GHQ-12 | |
---|---|---|
∆ FFMQ-SF | −0.58 ** | −0.45 * |
∆ EQ | −0.60 ** | −0.64 ** |
∆ SCS-SF | −0.75 ** | −0.58 ** |
∆ AAQII | 0.58 ** | 0.29 |
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Martínez-Rubio, D.; Navarrete, J.; Montero-Marin, J. Feasibility, Effectiveness, and Mechanisms of a Brief Mindfulness- and Compassion-Based Program to Reduce Stress in University Students: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010154
Martínez-Rubio D, Navarrete J, Montero-Marin J. Feasibility, Effectiveness, and Mechanisms of a Brief Mindfulness- and Compassion-Based Program to Reduce Stress in University Students: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010154
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez-Rubio, David, Jaime Navarrete, and Jesus Montero-Marin. 2022. "Feasibility, Effectiveness, and Mechanisms of a Brief Mindfulness- and Compassion-Based Program to Reduce Stress in University Students: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010154