Moral Judgement along the Academic Training
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Type of Answer
3.2. Answer Time
3.3. Reading Time
4. Discussion
Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Moll, J.; De Oliveira-Souza, R.; Zahn, R. The neural basis of moral cognition: Sentiments, concepts, and values. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2008, 1124, 161–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goodenough, O.R.; Prehn, K. A neuroscientific approach to normative judgment in law and justice. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 2004, 359, 1709–1726. [Google Scholar]
- Zeki, S.; Goodenough, O. Law and the brain: Introduction. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 2004, 359, 1661–1665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moll, J.; de Oliveira-Souza, R.; Bramati, I.E.; Grafman, J. Functional networks in emotional moral and nonmoral social judgments. NeuroImage 2002, 16, 696–703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Stanley, M.L.; Henne, P.; Niemi, L.; Sinnott-Armstrong, W.; De Brigard, F. Making moral principles suit yourself. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2021, 28, 1735–1741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moll, J.; Zahn, R.; De Oliveira-Souza, R.; Krueger, F.; Grafman, J. Opinion: The neural basis of human moral cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2005, 6, 799–809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haidt, J.; Graham, J. When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals may not Recognize. Soc. Justice Res. 2007, 20, 98–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nowak, M.A.; Sigmund, K. Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature 2005, 437, 1291–1298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fehr, E.; Fischbacher, U. The nature of human altruism. Nature 2003, 425, 785–791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Trivers, R.L. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q. Rev. Biol. 1971, 46, 35–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maynard-Smith, J.; Szathmary, E. The Major Transitions in Evolution; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Fehr, E.; Rockenbach, B. Human altruism: Economic, neural, and evolutionary perspectives. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2004, 14, 784–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sperduti, M.; Delaveau, P.; Fossati, P.; Nadel, J. Different brain structures related to self- and external-agency attribution: A brief review and meta-analysis. Brain Struct. Funct. 2011, 216, 151–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Forte, G.; Morelli, M.; Casagrande, M. Heart Rate Variability and Decision-Making: Autonomic Responses in Making Decisions. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rest, J.; Narvaez, D.; Thoma, S.; Bebeau, M. A neo-Kohlbergian approach to morality research. J. Moral Educ. 2000, 29, 381–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rest, J.; Narvaez, D.; Bebeau, M.J.; Thoma, S. Postconventional Moral Thinking: A Neo-Kohlbergian Approach; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- King, P.M.; Mayhew, M.J. Moral judgement in higher education: Insights from the Defining Issues Test. J. Moral Educ. 2002, 31, 248–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pascarella, E.T.; Terenzini, P.T. How College Affects Students: A Third Decade of Research; Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Hren, D.; Marušić, M.; Marušić, A. Regression of moral reasoning during medical education: Combined design study to evaluate the effect of clinical study years. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e17406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marwell, G.; Ames, R.E. Economists free ride, does anyone else? J. Public Econ. 1981, 15, 295–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carter, J.R.; Michael, D.I. Are Economists Different, and if so, why? J. Econ. Perspect. 1991, 5, 171–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orsini, R. Etica ed Economia: Alcune riflessioni sul concetto di scelta, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Università di Bologna. Work. Pap. 2006, 33, 1–28. [Google Scholar]
- Greene, J.D.; Sommerville, R.B.; Nystrom, L.E.; Darley, J.M.; Cohen, J.D. An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science 2001, 293, 2105–2108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Greene, J.D.; Nystrom, L.E.; Engell, A.D.; Darley, J.M.; Cohen, J.D. The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron 2004, 44, 389–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Migliore, S.; Curcio, G.; Mancini, F.; Cappa, S.F. Counterfactual thinking in moral judgment: An experimental study. Front. Psychol. 2014, 5, 451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Roof, W.C.; Perkins, R.P. On conceptualizing salience in religious commitment. J. Sci. Study Relig. 1975, 14, 111–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ribeiro, D.L.; Costa, M.; Helmich, E.; Jaarsma, D.; De Carvalho-Filho, M.A. I found myself a despicable being!: Medical students face disturbing moral dilemmas. Med. Educ. 2021, 55, 857–871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Atari, M.; Lai, M.; Dehghani, M. Sex differences in moral judgements across 67 countries. Proceedings. Biol. Sci. 2020, 287, 20201201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orsini, C.; Binnie, V.I.; Wilson, S.L. Determinants and outcomes of motivation in health professions education: A systematic review based on Self-Determination Theory. J. Educ. Eval. Health Prof. 2016, 13, 19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gilligan, C. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1982. [Google Scholar]
- Baron-Cohen, S.; Wheelwright, S. The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2004, 34, 163–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kraaijeveld, M.I.; Schilderman, J.H.; van Leeuwen, E. Moral sensitivity revisited. Nurs. Ethics 2021, 28, 179–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bostyn, D.H.; Sevenhant, S.; Roets, A. Of Mice, Men, and Trolleys: Hypothetical Judgment Versus Real-Life Behavior in Trolley-Style Moral Dilemmas. Psychol. Sci. 2018, 29, 1084–1093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Antes, A.L.; Dineen, K.K.; Bakanas, E.; Zahrli, T.; Keune, J.D.; Schuelke, M.J.; DuBois, J.M. Professional decision-making in medicine: Development of a new measure and preliminary evidence of validity. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0228450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sütfeld, L.R.; Ehinger, B.V.; König, P.; Pipa, G. How does the method change what we measure? Comparing virtual reality and text-based surveys for the assessment of moral decisions in traffic dilemmas. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0223108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yuguero, O.; Esquerda, M.; Viñas, J.; Soler-Gonzalez, J.; Pifarré, J. Ethics and empathy: The relationship between moral reasoning, ethical sensitivity and empathy in medical students. Ética y empatía: Relación entre razonamiento moral, sensibilidad ética y empatía en estudiantes de medicina. Rev. Clin. Esp. 2019, 219, 73–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Q.; Su, X.; Liu, S.; Miao, K.; Fang, H. The relationship between moral sensitivity and professional values and ethical decision-making in nursing students. Nurse Educ. Today 2021, 105, 105056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mantovani, F.; Castelnuovo, G.; Gaggioli, A.; Riva, G. Virtual reality training for health-care professionals. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 2003, 6, 389–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Total Sample (N) | Age (N) (Mean ± SD) | Sex (N) | Age (Mean ± SD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Psychology 1st year | 91 | 19.96 (±1.37) | M = 34 W = 57 | 20.74 (±1.35) 19.49 (±1.13) |
Psychology 5th year | 85 | 24.7 (±2.89) | M = 23 W = 62 | 25.9 (±3.8) 24.3 (±2.4) |
Economics 1st year | 85 | 19.38 (±1.15) | M = 31 W = 54 | 19.26 (±0.82) 19.44 (±1.31) |
Economics 5th year | 85 | 24.41 (±1.30) | M = 42 W = 43 | 24.58 (±1.32) 24.26(±1.27) |
Medicine 1st year | 85 | 20.47 (±1.75) | M = 32 W = 53 | 20.375 (±1.56) 20.53 (±1.87) |
Medicine 5th year | 85 | 25.3 (±3.52) | M = 39 W = 46 | 25.85 (±4.16) 24.87 (±2.83) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
D’Aurizio, G.; Santoboni, F.; Pistoia, F.; Mandolesi, L.; Curcio, G. Moral Judgement along the Academic Training. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010010
D’Aurizio G, Santoboni F, Pistoia F, Mandolesi L, Curcio G. Moral Judgement along the Academic Training. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Aurizio, Giulia, Fabrizio Santoboni, Francesca Pistoia, Laura Mandolesi, and Giuseppe Curcio. 2022. "Moral Judgement along the Academic Training" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010010