The Synergistic Effect of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations on Occupant Satisfaction and Work Productivity in a Meeting Room
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To evaluate the probable synergistic effect of CO2 and PM2.5 concentrations on occupant satisfaction towards air quality and work productivity.
- To provide guidance on how to improve occupant satisfaction and work productivity by controlling the indoor environment.
2. Methodology
2.1. Experiment Setup
2.2. Participants and Experiment Procedure
- ●
- The Stroop Color and Word is a neuropsychological test used to assess the perception ability [40]. Two words are displayed on the screen at the same time. The words name a color that is not the same as the ink color of the word; for example, the word “blue” is displayed in red ink. Participants need to determine if the color described by the first word is the same as the ink color in which the second word is displayed. Participants have 45 s in each task. They get 50 points for each correct answer, and a 50 points penalty for each wrong answer.
- ●
- Rule-based Reasoning is used to evaluate logical thinking ability [41]. There are five groups of geometric patterns in different colors. Each group has 10 patterns, which have a common color or shape characteristic. Participants need to determine whether each pattern conforms to a certain rule through trial and error. Participants get 50 points for each correct answer, and no penalty for a wrong answer.
- ●
- The Schulte Grid was developed originally as a psycho-diagnostic test to study the properties of attention by German psychiatrist and psychotherapist Walter Schulte [42]. It was used to evaluate the visual attention in this study [43]. At the beginning, the screen displayed a 7 × 7 grid table with 49 randomly distributed numbers. Participants touched a sequential series of numbers in ascending values as quickly as possible. At the end of task, the actual finish time was calculated and recorded automatically. The reciprocal of finish time was used to represent the performance of visual attention.
2.3. Statistical Analysis Methods
- Dissatisfaction rate (Rdis) and mean satisfaction vote .
- Standardized score and relative performance
3. Influence of PM2.5 and CO2 on Occupants’ Satisfaction
3.1. Measured Indoor Environment Parameters
3.2. Satisfaction Votes with Different PM2.5 Concentrations
3.3. Satisfaction Vote of Air Quality under Different PM2.5 Concentrations
4. Influence of PM2.5 and CO2 on Work Productivity
4.1. Work Productivity with Different PM2.5 and CO2 Concentration
4.2. Relative Performance under Different PM2.5 Concentrations
4.3. Relationship between Air Quality Dissatisfaction and Performance Change
5. Conclusions
- The results indicate that every 1 μg/m3 increment of indoor PM2.5 concentration (in the range of 10–75 μg/m3) would increase the dissatisfied rate by 0.5% at a low CO2 condition and 1.1% at a high CO2 condition. This impact is exacerbated when coupled with a high CO2 concentration, as every 1% increase in the air quality dissatisfaction would causes a 0.5% increase in the overall environment dissatisfaction.
- The impact of the high PM2.5 with CO2 concentrations on the participants performances in the four mental tasks was verified by statistical analysis. Every 10 μg/m3 increase in the PM2.5 concentration level can reduce the overall performance by 1%. The mental work tended to be more sensitive when compared with manual work.
- It is suggested to maintain the indoor PM2.5 within 50 and CO2 concentration at less than 700 ppm in order to improve the work productivity and occupant satisfaction for indoor air quality in offices.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
CPM2.5 | Concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m3) |
ES | Effect size |
RP | Relative performance |
SVAQ | Satisfaction vote of air quality |
z | The scores and reciprocals of finish times |
z′ | The standardized value of scores and reciprocals of finish times |
α | Rate of performance change |
β | The constants in different cases |
Appendix A
- Background information
- (a)
- Name: ――――――
- (b)
- Gender: □ Male □ Female
- (c)
- Age: ――――――; Height: ――――――cm; Weight: ――――――kg
- Satisfaction survey I
Very dissatisfied Neutral Very satisfied | |||||||
−3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Indoor air quality | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Outdoor air quality | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Air temperature | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Relative humidity | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Lighting | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Acoustic | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
Overall environment | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
- 3.
- IAQ Satisfaction survey II
Very dissatisfied Neutral Very satisfied | |||||||
−3 | −2 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Indoor air quality | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
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Parameter | Instrument Model | Manufacturer | Measurement Principle | Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Air temperature and relative humidity (RH) | Self-recording hygro-thermometer | WSZY-1, Beijing Tianjianhua instrument technology development Co. Ltd., Beijing, China | Electronic induction | Temperature: ±0.2 °C RH: ±2% |
CO2 concentration | CO2 sensor | Telaire 7001, Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA | Dual wavelength infrared | ±50 ppm |
A-weighting sound pressure level | Sound level meter | Aihua AWA6228+, Hangzhou Aihua Instruments Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China | Frequency weighting, time weighting and pulses | ±1.5 dB |
Illuminance | HOBO data logger | U12-012, Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA | Photocells and ammeters | ±4% |
PM2.5 concentration | Nephelometers | QD-W1, Beijing Green Built Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China | Laser light scattering | ±5% |
Gender | N | Age (y) | Height (m) | Weight (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 11 | 23.45 (1.13) | 1.75 (0.04) | 67.27 (6.08) | 22.18 (2.52) |
Female | 18 | 23.67 (1.97) | 1.63 (0.06) | 52.94 (6.34) | 19.94 (1.89) |
Data Sources | Sample Size | Gender |
---|---|---|
Wargocki (1999) [22] | 30 | 30 Females |
Lan et al. (2011) [9] | 12 | 6 Males and 6 Females |
Liu et al. (2014) [35] | 20 | 20 Males |
Allen et al. (2016) [28] | 24 | 10 Males and 14 Females |
Geng et al. (2017) [11] | 21 | 12 Males and 9 Females |
Wang et al. (2018) [10] | 12 | 6 Males and 6 Females |
This study | 29 | 11 Males and 18 Females |
S1L/S1H | S2L/S2H | S3L/S3H | S4L/S4H | S5L/S5H | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | 10 μg/m3 | 25 μg/m3 | 35 μg/m3 | 50 μg/m3 | 75 μg/m3 |
Group 2 | 25 μg/m3 | 35 μg/m3 | 50 μg/m3 | 75 μg/m3 | 10 μg/m3 |
Group 3 | 35 μg/m3 | 50 μg/m3 | 75 μg/m3 | 10 μg/m3 | 25 μg/m3 |
Group 4 | 50 μg/m3 | 75 μg/m3 | 10 μg/m3 | 25 μg/m3 | 35 μg/m3 |
Group 5 | 75 μg/m3 | 10 μg/m3 | 25 μg/m3 | 35 μg/m3 | 50 μg/m3 |
Task | Test Objective | Ending Condition | Record Parameters |
---|---|---|---|
Recognition of figures | Understanding and memory | Three mistakes | Scores |
Stroop color and word test | Perception | 45 s | Scores |
Rule-based reasoning | Logical thinking | 50 chances | Scores |
Schulte Grid test 7 × 7 | Visual attention | Touch from 1 to 49 | Finish times |
Scenario (μg/m3) | PM2.5 (μg/m3) | Temperature (°C) | RH (%) | Illuminance (lux) | Acoustic (dB) | Separate Measured | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low CO2 (ppm) | High CO2 (ppm) | ||||||
10 | 10.6 (1.0) | 24.9 (0.5) | 44.6 (4.6.) | 309 (23.5) | 40.7 (3.7) | 630 (86) | 863 (123) |
25 | 25.2 (1.4) | 25.1 (0.6) | 41.8 (5.2) | 328 (34.5) | 42.8 (3.7) | 595 (38) | 794 (58) |
35 | 34.7 (1.8) | 25.2 (0.5) | 40.8 (3.4) | 296 (25.0) | 42.3 (5.3) | 618 (40) | 857 (98) |
50 | 50.3 (1.6) | 24.9 (0.5) | 42.3 (3.3) | 323 (26.3) | 38.6 (3.1) | 608 (102) | 850 (41) |
75 | 73.1 (2.2) | 24.8 (0.7) | 46.6 (6.1) | 329 (24.0) | 41.6 (3.3) | 653 (76) | 899 (56) |
CO2 (ppm) | PM2.5 (μg/m3) | PM2.5 | CO2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 25 | 35 | 50 | 75 | P | ES | P | ES | ||
Palm temperature | Low | 101% (2%) | 100% (3%) | 100% (3%) | 100% (3%) | 100% (2%) | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.01 |
High | 100% (2%) | 100% (2%) | 100% (3%) | 100% (2%) | 100% (2%) |
Task | CO2 (ppm) | PM2.5 (μg/m3) | df | Mean Square | F | p | ES | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 25 | 35 | 50 | 75 | |||||||
Understanding and memory | Low | 100% (15%) | 104% (15%) | 104% (20%) | 93% (20%) | 99% (19%) | 4 | 0.092 | 3.582 | 0.007 * | 0.052 # |
High | 102% (19%) | 105% (10%) | 97% (22%) | 100% (17%) | 91% (18%) | ||||||
Perception | Low | 105% (18%) | 98% (16%) | 94% (22%) | 89% (23%) | 87% (16%) | 4 | 0.134 | 3.071 | 0.017 * | 0.045 # |
High | 103% (21%) | 110% (19%) | 106% (22%) | 100% (29%) | 102% (23%) | ||||||
Logical thinking | Low | 103% (4%) | 100% (5%) | 98% (6%) | 99% (6%) | 99% (5%) | 4 | 0.007 | 2.326 | 0.057 | 0.034 # |
High | 100% (7%) | 101% (5%) | 100% (8%) | 101% (5%) | 99% (5%) | ||||||
Visual attention | Low | 104% (9%) | 102% (10%) | 102% (13%) | 99% (9%) | 97% (8%) | 4 | 0.063 | 6.833 | 0.000 * | 0.095 ## |
High | 103% (10%) | 100% (13%) | 101% (10%) | 94% (9%) | 95% (10%) |
Data Sources | Location | Environment | PM2.5 (μg/m3) | α (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adhvaryu et al. (2014) [48] | India | Garment factory | (21,110) | −0.03 |
Chang et al. (2016) [49] | United States | Pear-packing factory | (1,21) | −0.60 |
Chang et al. (2019) [50] | China | Call center | (10,200) * | −0.035 |
He et al. (2019) [51] | China | Manufacturing firms | (3,237) | (−0.04,0.01) |
This study | China | A meeting room | (10,75) | −0.10 |
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Wu, J.; Weng, J.; Xia, B.; Zhao, Y.; Song, Q. The Synergistic Effect of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations on Occupant Satisfaction and Work Productivity in a Meeting Room. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084109
Wu J, Weng J, Xia B, Zhao Y, Song Q. The Synergistic Effect of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations on Occupant Satisfaction and Work Productivity in a Meeting Room. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084109
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Jindong, Jiantao Weng, Bing Xia, Yujie Zhao, and Qiuji Song. 2021. "The Synergistic Effect of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations on Occupant Satisfaction and Work Productivity in a Meeting Room" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084109