Tracking Technical Skill Development in Young Basketball Players: The INEX Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Design
2.2. Technical Skills
2.3. Variables Used in Growth-Motor Performance Profiling
2.3.1. Training Information
2.3.2. Anthropometry and Body Composition
2.3.3. Biological Maturation
2.3.4. Physical Performance
2.4. Data Quality Control
2.5. Statistical Analysis
- Stability within the upper, middle or lower canals was identified when a player consistently stayed in each canal from the first to the sixth time-point.
- Positive instability was identified when a player was in the lower or middle canal at the first time-point and moved, respectively, to the middle or upper canal at the sixth time-point or when a player was in the lower canal at the first time-point and moved to the upper canal at the sixth time-point.
- Negative instability was recognized when a player was in the upper or middle canal at the first time-point and moved, respectively, to the middle or lower canal at the sixth time-point or when a player was in the upper canal at the first time-point and moved to the lower canal at the sixth time-point.
3. Results
4. Discussion
Do players follow a stable trend (i.e., canalized) in their technical skill development?
Are there any systematic differences in the multivariate profiles, at baseline, of players who are consistently stable (i.e., canalization) in the upper and lower developmental canals across time?
Do players who become skillful over time and those who get worse (i.e., decanalization) have a different multivariate profile at baseline?
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technical Skills | Time-Points | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
June 2017 | December 2017 | June 2018 | December 2018 | June 2019 | December 2019 | |
Under-12 (n = 50) | ||||||
Speed shot shooting (points) | 26.06 ± 5.57 | 29.24 ± 5.50 | 30.84 ± 5.89 | 33.88 ± 5.89 | 34.44 ± 4.98 | 35.66 ± 5.47 |
Passing (points) | 75.94 ± 11.51 | 78.40 ± 7.82 | 86.80 ± 10.48 | 90.68 ± 9.49 | 95.78 ± 12.52 | 95.42 ± 11.46 |
Control dribble (s) | 20.67 ± 1.74 | 20.89 ± 1.60 | 19.88 ± 1.57 | 19.38 ± 1.54 | 18.66 ± 1.20 | 18.21 ± 1.29 |
Defensive movement (s) | 25.60 ± 2.78 | 24.96 ± 2.22 | 23.49 ± 1.94 | 23.13 ± 1.80 | 22.09 ± 1.68 | 21.59 ± 1.65 |
Overall technical skill (z-score) | –3.18 ± 2.95 | –2.36 ± 2.49 | –0.31 ± 2.72 | 0.88 ± 2.42 | 2.18 ± 2.45 | 2.79 ± 2.47 |
Under-14 (n = 47) | ||||||
Speed shot shooting (points) | 32.17 ± 5.60 | 33.74 ± 5.34 | 36.00 ± 5.18 | 37.62 ± 4.12 | 37.17 ± 4.46 | 38.32 ± 5.18 |
Passing (points) | 87.66 ± 13.42 | 93.64 ± 12.09 | 99.83 ± 13.02 | 103.26 ± 11.69 | 111.98 ± 12.15 | 110.72 ± 11.41 |
Control dribble (s) | 19.18 ± 1.20 | 18.81 ± 1.44 | 18.03 ± 0.94 | 17.93 ± 0.83 | 17.53 ± 1.09 | 17.34 ± 0.82 |
Defensive movement (s) | 23.24 ± 1.83 | 22.15 ± 1.54 | 21.28 ± 1.37 | 21.31 ± 1.12 | 20.98 ± 1.12 | 20.48 ± 1.19 |
Overall technical skill (z-score) | –3.41 ± 3.02 | –1.77 ± 2.77 | 0.15 ± 2.49 | 0.80 ± 1.83 | 1.82 ± 2.21 | 2.41 ± 2.33 |
Technical Skills | Cohen’s Kappa | Stability (%) | Instability (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
κ | 95% CI | Upper Canal | Middle Canal | Lower Canal | Positive | Negative | ||
Speed shot shooting | u12 | 0.22 | 0.19–0.26 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 28.0 | 26.0 |
u14 | 8.5 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 29.8 | 25.5 | |||
Passing | u12 | 0.26 | 0.23–0.30 | 8.0 | 0.0 | 14.0 | 22.0 | 24.0 |
u14 | 6.4 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 21.3 | 23.4 | |||
Control dribble *,† | u12 | 0.33 | 0.28–0.38 | 10.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
u14 | 0.20 | 0.14–0.25 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 23.4 | 31.9 | |
Defensive movement *,† | u12 | 0.40 | 0.35–0.45 | 8.0 | 2.0 | 14.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
u14 | 0.23 | 0.18–0.28 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 21.3 | 23.4 | |
Overall technical skill * | u12 | 0.47 | 0.42–0.52 | 12.0 | 6.0 | 14.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 |
u14 | 0.26 | 0.21–0.31 | 10.6 | 0.0 | 4.3 | 19.1 | 21.3 |
Variables at Baseline of Under-12 Players | Upper Canal (n = 6) | Lower Canal (n = 7) | Mean Difference | z † | χ2 | Effect Size § | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Count (%) | Mean ± SD | Count (%) | |||||
Training information | ||||||||
Training experience (years) | 4.00 ± 0.63 | 3.29 ± 1.25 | 0.71 | –1.02 | 0.31 | |||
Regional team (yes/no) | 4(66.7)/2(33.3) | 0(0.0)/7(100.0) | --- | --- | 6.74 ** | 0.01 ‡ | ||
Anthropometry and body composition | ||||||||
Height (cm) | 162.68 ± 7.51 | 146.81 ± 5.53 | 15.87 | –3.00 ** | 1.00 | |||
Body mass (kg) | 47.30 ± 5.39 | 39.03 ± 6.24 | 8.27 | –2.29 * | 0.76 | |||
Body fat (kg) | 7.62 ± 1.83 | 8.66 ± 3.09 | –1.04 | –0.29 | –0.10 | |||
Fat-free mass (kg) | 39.70 ± 5.66 | 30.37 ± 3.85 | 9.33 | –2.72 ** | 0.90 | |||
Biological maturation | ||||||||
Maturity offset (years) | –1.13 ± 0.52 | –2.28 ± 0.44 | 1.15 | –3.00 ** | 1.00 | |||
Physical performance | ||||||||
Handgrip (kgf) | 22.84 ± 2.48 | 15.15 ± 2.33 | 7.69 | –3.00 ** | 1.00 | |||
5 m sprint (s) | 1.18 ± 0.11 | 1.35 ± 0.08 | –0.16 | –2.57 * | –0.86 | |||
20 m sprint (s) | 3.82 ± 0.25 | 4.19 ± 0.23 | –0.37 | –2.14 * | –0.71 | |||
Sit-ups (repetitions) | 38.67 ± 10.69 | 24.57 ± 3.82 | 14.10 | –2.72 ** | 0.90 | |||
Squat jump (cm) | 23.66 ± 4.44 | 17.36 ± 2.33 | 6.31 | –2.43 * | 0.81 | |||
Countermovement jump (cm) | 25.48 ± 6.24 | 17.23 ± 2.57 | 8.26 | –2.14 * | 0.71 | |||
3 kg seated medicine ball throw (m) | 3.37 ± 0.46 | 2.33 ± 0.26 | 1.04 | –3.00 ** | 1.00 | |||
T-test (s) | 9.76 ± 0.21 | 11.40 ± 0.78 | –1.64 | –3.00 ** | –1.00 | |||
Yo-Yo IR1 (m) | 906.67 ± 74.48 | 434.29 ± 160.71 | 472.38 | –3.02 ** | 1.00 |
Variables at Baseline of Under-14 Players | Upper Canal (n = 5) | Lower Canal (n = 2) | Mean Difference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Count (%) | Mean ± SD | Count (%) | ||
Training information | |||||
Training experience (years) | 6.40 ± 2.07 | 3.50 ± 2.12 | 2.90 | ||
Regional team (yes/no) | 4(80.0)/1(20.0) | 0(0.0)/2(100.0) | --- | ||
Anthropometry and body composition | |||||
Height (cm) | 175.87 ± 7.23 | 158.93 ± 9.02 | 16.94 | ||
Body mass (kg) | 59.10 ± 8.54 | 48.50 ± 14.00 | 10.60 | ||
Body fat (kg) | 8.82 ± 1.30 | 8.55 ± 3.46 | 0.27 | ||
Fat-free mass (kg) | 50.30 ± 7.46 | 39.95 ± 10.54 | 10.35 | ||
Biological maturation | |||||
Maturity offset (years) | 0.73 ± 0.74 | –0.52 ± 0.21 | 1.25 | ||
Physical performance | |||||
Handgrip (kgf) | 31.33 ± 8.69 | 24.40 ± 9.83 | 6.93 | ||
5 m sprint (s) | 1.18 ± 0.09 | 1.18 ± 0.10 | 0.00 | ||
20 m sprint (s) | 3.55 ± 0.18 | 3.69 ± 0.20 | –0.14 | ||
Sit-ups (repetitions) | 43.40 ± 2.88 | 37.50 ± 10.61 | 5.90 | ||
Squat jump (cm) | 24.67 ± 3.81 | 25.92 ± 5.49 | –1.25 | ||
Countermovement jump (cm) | 25.52 ± 3.44 | 26.50 ± 6.31 | –0.98 | ||
3 kg seated medicine ball throw (m) | 4.31 ± 0.75 | 3.40 ± 0.00 | 0.91 | ||
T-test (s) | 9.48 ± 0.78 | 10.87 ± 0.21 | –1.39 | ||
Yo-Yo IR1 (m) | 1296.00 ± 393.55 | 660.00 ± 254.56 | 636.00 |
Variables at Baseline of Under-12 Players | Positive Instability (n = 9) | Negative Instability (n = 9) | Mean Difference | z † | χ2 | Effect Size § | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Count (%) | Mean ± SD | Count (%) | |||||
Training information | ||||||||
Training experience (years) | 2.33 ± 1.00 | 4.67 ± 1.12 | –2.33 | –3.15 ** | 0.86 | |||
Regional team (yes/no) | 1(11.1)/8(88.9) | 2(22.2)/7(77.8) | --- | --- | 0.40 | 0.15 ‡ | ||
Anthropometry and body composition | ||||||||
Height (cm) | 158.56 ± 8.06 | 150.63 ± 8.81 | 7.92 | –1.46 | 0.41 | |||
Body mass (kg) | 45.76 ± 7.12 | 40.72 ± 4.96 | 5.03 | –1.63 | 0.46 | |||
Body fat (kg) | 7.48 ± 1.18 | 7.76 ± 1.67 | –0.28 | –0.44 | 0.12 | |||
Fat-free mass (kg) | 38.30 ± 6.47 | 32.98 ± 4.36 | 5.32 | –1.99 * | 0.56 | |||
Biological maturation | ||||||||
Maturity offset (years) | –1.41 ± 0.67 | –2.04 ± 0.63 | 0.63 | –1.90 | 0.53 | |||
Physical performance | ||||||||
Handgrip (kgf) | 21.97 ± 7.11 | 18.42 ± 4.29 | 3.54 | –0.97 | 0.27 | |||
5 m sprint (s) | 1.23 ± 0.08 | 1.26 ± 0.10 | –0.03 | –0.88 | 0.25 | |||
20 m sprint (s) | 3.74 ± 0.24 | 3.87 ± 0.30 | –0.12 | –1.10 | 0.31 | |||
Sit-ups (repetitions) | 29.56 ± 7.54 | 26.22 ± 5.67 | 3.33 | –0.85 | 0.23 | |||
Squat jump (cm) | 23.82 ± 4.13 | 21.78 ± 4.45 | 2.04 | –1.19 | 0.33 | |||
Countermovement jump (cm) | 23.10 ± 4.45 | 21.49 ± 5.61 | 1.61 | –1.15 | 0.32 | |||
3 kg seated medicine ball throw (m) | 3.10 ± 0.49 | 2.70 ± 0.53 | 0.41 | –1.81 | 0.51 | |||
T-test (s) | 10.52 ± 0.74 | 10.70 ± 0.44 | –0.19 | –0.22 | 0.06 | |||
Yo-Yo IR1 (m) | 786.67 ± 341.17 | 702.22 ± 294.69 | 84.44 | –0.62 | 0.17 |
Variables at Baseline of Under-14 Players | Positive Instability (n = 9) | Negative Instability (n = 10) | Mean Difference | z † | χ2 | Effect Size § | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Count (%) | Mean ± SD | Count (%) | |||||
Training information | ||||||||
Training experience (years) | 3.78 ± 2.64 | 5.90 ± 1.85 | –2.12 | –1.94 | 0.52 | |||
Regional team (yes/no) | 0(0.0)/9(100.0) | 2(22.0)/8(80.0) | --- | --- | 2.01 | 0.33 ‡ | ||
Anthropometry and body composition | ||||||||
Height (cm) | 162.78 ± 8.21 | 165.39 ± 11.61 | –2.60 | –0.70 | 0.19 | |||
Body mass (kg) | 51.08 ± 6.72 | 53.30 ± 14.23 | –2.22 | –0.16 | 0.04 | |||
Body fat (kg) | 9.29 ± 2.71 | 8.92 ± 4.84 | 0.37 | –0.78 | 0.21 | |||
Fat-free mass (kg) | 41.80 ± 5.23 | 44.38 ± 10.52 | –2.58 | –0.74 | 0.20 | |||
Biological maturation | ||||||||
Maturity offset (years) | –0.48 ± 0.52 | –0.06 ± 1.13 | –0.42 | –0.90 | 0.24 | |||
Physical performance | ||||||||
Handgrip (kgf) | 27.59 ± 3.65 | 28.87 ± 8.58 | –1.28 | –0.29 | 0.08 | |||
5 m sprint (s) | 1.25 ± 0.11 | 1.20 ± 0.08 | 0.04 | –0.94 | 0.26 | |||
20 m sprint (s) | 3.71 ± 0.36 | 3.61 ± 0.20 | 0.10 | –0.69 | 0.19 | |||
Sit-ups (repetitions) | 32.00 ± 10.69 | 37.70 ± 7.50 | –5.70 | –1.43 | 0.39 | |||
Squat jump (cm) | 22.95 ± 5.92 | 25.61 ± 3.18 | –2.67 | –1.47 | 0.40 | |||
Countermovement jump (cm) | 23.59 ± 5.53 | 25.02 ± 4.73 | –1.42 | –0.82 | 0.22 | |||
3 kg seated medicine ball throw (m) | 3.51 ± 0.47 | 3.82 ± 0.74 | –0.30 | –1.18 | 0.32 | |||
T-test (s) | 10.00 ± 0.46 | 9.72 ± 0.51 | 0.28 | –1.10 | 0.30 | |||
Yo-Yo IR1 (m) | 786.67 ± 413.76 | 992.00 ± 301.58 | –205.33 | –1.68 | 0.46 |
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Guimarães, E.; Baxter-Jones, A.D.G.; Williams, A.M.; Tavares, F.; Janeira, M.A.; Maia, J. Tracking Technical Skill Development in Young Basketball Players: The INEX Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084094
Guimarães E, Baxter-Jones ADG, Williams AM, Tavares F, Janeira MA, Maia J. Tracking Technical Skill Development in Young Basketball Players: The INEX Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084094
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuimarães, Eduardo, Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones, A. Mark Williams, Fernando Tavares, Manuel A. Janeira, and José Maia. 2021. "Tracking Technical Skill Development in Young Basketball Players: The INEX Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084094
APA StyleGuimarães, E., Baxter-Jones, A. D. G., Williams, A. M., Tavares, F., Janeira, M. A., & Maia, J. (2021). Tracking Technical Skill Development in Young Basketball Players: The INEX Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084094