Validation of the Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities-Revised Scale in Chinese Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study 1
2.1. Methods
2.1.1. Participants and Procedure
2.1.2. Measurement
2.1.3. Data Analysis
2.2. Results
2.2.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
2.2.2. Measurement Invariance Across Gender
2.2.3. Scale Reliability
3. Study 2
3.1. Methods
3.1.1. Participants and Procedure
3.1.2. Measurement
3.1.3. Data Analysis
3.2. Results
3.2.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.2.2. Measurement Invariance Across Gender
3.2.3. Descriptive Analysis and Scale Reliability
3.2.4. Predictive Validity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ryan, R.M.; Deci, E.L. On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2001, 52, 141–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McKeon, R. (Ed.) Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics. The Basic Works of Aristotle; Modern Library: New York, NY, USA, 2001; pp. 928–1112. [Google Scholar]
- Keyes, C.L.M.; Shmotkin, D.; Ryff, C.D. Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 2002, 82, 1007–1022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berridge, K.C.; Kringelbach, M.L. Building a neuroscience of pleasure and well-being. Psychol. Well Being 2011, 1, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Huta, V.; Waterman, A.S. Eudaimonia and Its Distinction from Hedonia: Developing a Classification and Terminology for Understanding Conceptual and Operational Definitions. J. Happiness Stud. 2014, 15, 1425–1456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oishi, S.; Graham, J.; Kesebir, S.; Galinha, I.C. Concepts of Happiness across Time and Cultures. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2013, 39, 559–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waterman, A.S. Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 1993, 64, 678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huta, V. Linking Peoples’ Pursuit of Eudaimonia and Hedonia with Characteristics of their Parents: Parenting Styles, Ver-bally Endorsed Values, and Role Modeling. J. Happiness Stud. 2012, 13, 47–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huta, V.; Ryan, R.M. Pursuing Pleasure or Virtue: The Differential and Overlapping Well-Being Benefits of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives. J. Happiness Stud. 2010, 11, 735–762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huta, V.; Pelletier, L.G.; Baxter, D.; Thompson, A. How eudaimonic and hedonic motives relate to the well-being of close others. J. Posit. Psychol. 2012, 7, 399–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tončić, M.; Anić, P. Everyday Activities: Beneficial Effects of Eudaimonic and Hedonic Motivation on Subjective Well-Being. Curr. Psychol. 2015, 34, 644–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ortner, C.N.; Corno, D.; Fung, T.Y.; Rapinda, K. The roles of hedonic and eudaimonic motives in emotion regulation. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2018, 120, 209–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kryza-Lacombe, M.; Tanzini, E.; O’Neill, S. Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives: Associations with Academic Achievement and Negative Emotional States Among Urban College Students. J. Happiness Stud. 2019, 20, 1323–1341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giuntoli, L.; Condini, F.; Ceccarini, F.; Huta, V.; Vidotto, G. The Different Roles of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities in Predicting Functioning and Well-Being Experiences. J. Happiness Stud. 2020, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anić, P. Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Favourite Leisure Activities. Primenj. Psihol. 2014, 7, 5–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khumalo, I.P.; Wilson-Fadiji, A.; Brouwers, S.A. Well-Being Orientations and Time Perspective across Cultural Tight-ness-Looseness Latent Classes in Africa. J. Happiness Stud. 2020, 21, 1681–1703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huta, V. Eudaimonic and Hedonic Orientations: Theoretical Considerations and Research Findings. In Handbook of Eudai-monic Well-Being; Vittersø, J., Ed.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 215–231. [Google Scholar]
- Bujacz, A.; Dunne, S.; Fink, D.; Gatej, A.R.; Karlsson, E.; Ruberti, V.; Wronska, M.K. Does Creativity Make You Happy? The Influence of Creative Activity on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-being. J. Eur. Psychol. Stud. 2014, 5, 19–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asano, R.; Igarashi, T.; Tsukamoto, S. The Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities (HEMA) in Japan: The pursuit of well-being. Shinrigaku Kenkyu Jpn. J. Psychol. 2014, 85, 69–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Behzadnia, B.; Ryan, R.M. Eudainomic and hedonic orientations in Physical Education and their relation with motivation and wellness. Int. J. Sport Psychol. 2018, 49, 363–385. [Google Scholar]
- Bujacz, A.; Vittersø, J.; Huta, V.; Kaczmarek, L.D. Measuring hedonia and eudaimonia as motives for activities: Cross-national investigation through tradi-tional and Bayesian structural equation modeling. Front. Psychol. 2014, 5, 984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cruce, R.; Alexandru, D.O.; Georgescu, D.; Gherghina, F.L.; Turcu, A.A. Orientations to Wellbeing in the Context of Medicine and Nursing-A Preliminary Study on Students’ Per-spective in Their Early University Years. Curr. Health Sci. J. 2020, 46, 72–79. [Google Scholar]
- Matranga, D.; Restivo, V.; Maniscalco, L.; Bono, F.; Pizzo, G.; Lanza, G.; Gaglio, V.; Mazzucco, W.; Miceli, S. Lifestyle Medicine and Psychological Well-Being Toward Health Promotion: A Cross-Sectional Study on Palermo (Southern Italy) Undergraduates. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jayawickreme, E.; Forgeard, M.J.C.; Seligman, M.E.P. The Engine of Well-Being. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2012, 16, 327–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keyes, C.L.M. Promoting and Protecting Positive Mental Health: Early and Often Throughout the Lifespan. In Mental Well Being; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2013; pp. 3–28. [Google Scholar]
- Zeng, Z.; Chen, H. Distinct Associations of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives with Well-Being: Mediating Role of Self-Control. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryan, R.M.; Deci, E.L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am. Psychol. 2000, 55, 68–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, S. Social Relationships and Health. Am. Psychol. 2004, 59, 676–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katz, E.; Haas, H.; Gurevitch, M. On the Use of the Mass Media for Important Things. Am. Sociol. Rev. 1973, 38, 164–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Li, P.; Fu, X.; Kou, Y. Orientations to Happiness and Subjective Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents: The Roles of Prosocial Behavior and Internet Addictive Behavior. J. Happiness Stud. 2017, 18, 1747–1762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, L.T.; Bentler, P.M. Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus. Struct. Equ. Modeling 1999, 6, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheung, G.W.; Rensvold, R.B. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct. Equ. Modling Multidiscip. J. 2002, 9, 233–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mardia, K.V. Measures of Multivariate Skewness and Kurtosis with Applications. Biometrika 1970, 57, 519–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Byrne, B. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS. Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, 2nd ed.; Taylor & Francis Group: New York, NY, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 1992, 1, 98–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zimet, G.D.; Dahlem, N.W.; Zimet, S.G.; Farley, G.K. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. J. Personal. Assess. 1988, 52, 30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kong, F.; Yang, K.; Yan, W.; Li, X. How Does Trait Gratitude Relate to Subjective Well-Being in Chinese Adolescents? The Mediating Role of Resilience and Social Support. J. Happiness Stud. 2020, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kong, F.; Gong, X.; Sajjad, S.; Yang, K.; Zhao, J. How Is Emotional Intelligence Linked to Life Satisfaction? The Mediating Role of Social Support, Positive Affect and Negative Affect. J. Happiness Stud. 2019, 20, 2733–2745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kwon, M.; Kim, D.-J.; Cho, H.; Yang, S. The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and Validation of a Short Version for Adolescents. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e83558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Luk, T.T.; Wang, M.P.; Shen, C.; Wan, A.; Chau, P.H.; Oliffe, J.; Viswanath, K.; Chan, S.S.-C.; Lam, T.H. Short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in Chinese adults: Psychometric properties, sociodemographic, and health behavioral correlates. J. Behav. Addict. 2018, 7, 1157–1165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, N.; Luk, T.T.; Ho, S.Y.; Lee, J.J.; Shen, C.; Oliffe, J.; Chan, S.S.-C.; Lam, T.H.; Wang, M.P. Problematic Smartphone Use and Mental Health in Chinese Adults: A Population-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Keyes, C.L.M. The Mental Health Continuum: From Languishing to Flourishing in Life. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2002, 43, 207–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guo, C.; Tomson, G.; Guo, J.; Li, X.; Keller, C.; Söderqvist, F. Psychometric evaluation of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) in Chinese adolescents–A methodological study. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2015, 13, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guo, C.; Tomson, G.; Keller, C.; Söderqvist, F. Prevalence and correlates of positive mental health in Chinese adolescents. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, C.; Zhang, K.Z.; Gong, X.; Zhao, S.J.; Lee, M.K.; Liang, L. Examining the effects of motives and gender differences on smartphone addiction. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2017, 75, 891–902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Çevik, C.; Ciğerci, Y.; Kılıç, I.; Uyar, S. Relationship between smartphone addiction and meaning and purpose of life in students of health sciences. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care 2020, 56, 705–711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monacis, L.; Limone, P.; Dambrun, M.; Fave, A.D.; Sinatra, M. Measuring and Assessing Fluctuating and Authentic–Durable Happiness in Italian Samples. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Invariance Model | χ2 | df | CFI | NNFI | RMSEA | SRMR | Comparison | ΔCFI | ΔRMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 155.752 | 64 | 0.971 | 0.959 | 0.051 | 0.032 | |||
Model 2 | 177.247 | 74 | 0.967 | 0.960 | 0.051 | 0.044 | 2verses1 | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Model 3 | 192.781 | 82 | 0.965 | 0.962 | 0.050 | 0.043 | 3verses2 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Invariance Model | χ2 | df | CFI | NNFI | RMSEA | SRMR | Comparison | ΔCFI | ΔRMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 4 | 212.347 | 64 | 0.934 | 0.907 | 0.079 | 0.055 | |||
Model 5 | 232.455 | 74 | 0.929 | 0.914 | 0.076 | 0.063 | 5verses4 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Model 6 | 253.039 | 82 | 0.924 | 0.916 | 0.075 | 0.068 | 6verses5 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Variables | M | SD | Alpha |
---|---|---|---|
HM | 26.94 | 4.96 | 0.88 |
EM | 26.30 | 4.86 | 0.87 |
HWB | 12.97 | 2.76 | 0.86 |
SOWB | 20.47 | 4.88 | 0.84 |
EWB | 25.63 | 5.94 | 0.93 |
WB | 59.07 | 12.38 | 0.94 |
SS | 44.46 | 7.71 | 0.92 |
SA | 35.08 | 9.80 | 0.92 |
Variables | HWB | SOWB | EWB | SS | SA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
eudaimonic motives | 0.357 ** | 0.422 ** | 0.482 ** | 0.355 ** | −0.164 ** |
hedonic motives | 0.272 ** | 0.249 ** | 0.250 ** | 0.293 ** | 0.148 ** |
Z | 1.83 | 3.79 *** | 5.22 *** | 1.34 | −6.08 *** |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Li, W.; Zhang, L.; Jia, N.; Kong, F. Validation of the Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities-Revised Scale in Chinese Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083959
Li W, Zhang L, Jia N, Kong F. Validation of the Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities-Revised Scale in Chinese Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):3959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083959
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Wenjie, Linting Zhang, Ning Jia, and Feng Kong. 2021. "Validation of the Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities-Revised Scale in Chinese Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083959