The Role of Dopamine Receptor D2 in Bridging the Intention-Behavior Gap in Sport Participation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Design
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. The Effect of A1 Allele of DRD2 on Sport Participation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Guthold, R.; Stevens, G.A.; Riley, L.M.; Bull, F.C. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. Lancet. Glob. Health 2018, 6, e1077–e1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ruegsegger, G.N.; Booth, F.W. Running from disease: Molecular mechanisms associating dopamine and leptin signaling in the brain with physical inactivity, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Front. Endocrinol. 2017, 8, 109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pengpid, S.; Peltzer, K.; Kassean, H.K.; Tsala Tsala, J.P.; Sychareun, V.; Müller-Riemenschneider, F. Physical inactivity and associated factors among university students in 23 low-, middle- and high-income countries. Int. J. Public Health 2015, 60, 539–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, J. The association between physical fitness and physical activity among Chinese college students. J. Am. Coll. Health 2019, 67, 602–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haycock, D. University Students’ Sport Participation: The Significance of Sport and Leisure Careers. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chester, Chester, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Keating, X.D.; Guan, J.; Piñero, J.C.; Bridges, D.M. A meta-analysis of college students’ physical activity behaviors. J. Am. Coll. Health 2005, 54, 116–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heitzler, C.; Lytle, L.; Erickson, D.; Sirard, J.; Barr-Anderson, D.; Story, M. Evaluating a model of youth physical activity. Am. J. Health Behav. 2010, 34, 593–606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Trost, S.G.; Blair, S.N.; Khan, K.M. Physical inactivity remains the greatest public health problem of the 21st century: Evidence, improved methods and solutions using the ‘7 investments that work’ as a framework. Br. J. Sports. Med. 2014, 48, 169–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, C.G.; Park, S.; Yoo, S. The longitudinal effect of parental support during adolescence on the trajectory of sport participation from adolescence through young adulthood. J. Sport Health Sci. 2018, 7, 70–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. 2018 National Survey of Participation in Sports; Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism: Sejong, Korea, 2018; Available online: https://www.mcst.go.kr/kor/s_policy/dept/deptView.jsp?pSeq=1228&pDataCD=0408010000&pType (accessed on 4 July 2020).
- Rowland, T.W. The biological basis of physical activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1998, 30, 392–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beunen, G.; Thomis, M. Genetic determinants of sports participation and daily physical activity. Int. J. Obes. 1999, 23, S55–S63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boomsma, D.I.; Van den Bree, M.B.M.; Orlebeke, J.F.; Molenaar, P.C.M. Resemblances of parents and twins in sports participation and heart rate. Behav. Genet. 1989, 19, 123–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Simonen, R.L.; Perusse, L.; Rankinen, T.; Rice, T.; Rao, D.C.; Bouchard, C. Familial aggregation of physical activity levels in the Quebec family study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2002, 34, 1137–1142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carlsson, S.; Andersson, T.; Lichtenstein, P.; Michaelsson, K.; Ahlbom, A. Genetic effects on physical activity: Results from the Swedish Twin Registry. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2006, 38, 1396–1401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Maia, J.A.R.; Thomis, M.; Beunen, G. Genetic factors in physical activity levels: A twin study. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2002, 23, 87–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore-Harrison, T.; Lightfoot, J.T. Driven to be inactive?—the genetics of physical activity. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 2010, 94, 271–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kelly, M.A.; Rubinstein, M.; Phillips, T.J.; Lessov, C.N.; Burkhart-Kasch, S.; Zhang, G.; Bunzow, J.R.; Fang, Y.; Gerhardt, G.A.; Grandy, D.K.; et al. Locomotor activity in D2 dopamine receptor deficient mice is determined by gene dosage, genetic background, and developmental adaptations. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18, 3470–3479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bronikowski, A.M.; Rhodes, J.S.; Garland, T.; Jr Prolla, T.A.; Awad, T.A.; Gammie, S.C. The evolution of gene expression in mouse hippocampus in response to selective breeding for increased locomotor activity. Evolution 2004, 58, 2079–2086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simonen, R.L.; Rankinen, T.; Perusse, L.; Leon, A.S.; Skinner, J.S.; Wilmore, J.H.; Rao, D.C.; Bouchard, C. A dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism and physical activity in two family studies. Physiol. Behav. 2003, 78, 751–757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knab, A.M.; Lightfoot, J.T. Does the difference between physically active and couch potato lie in the dopamine system? Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2010, 6, 133–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van der Mee, D.J.; Fedko, I.O.; Hottenga, J.J.; Ehli, E.A.; Van der Zee, M.D.; Ligthart, L.; Van beijsterveldt, T.C.E.M.; Davies, G.E.; Bartels, M.; Landers, J.G.; et al. Dopaminergic genetic variants and voluntary externally paced exercise behavior. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2018, 50, 700–708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosso, A.L.; Metti, A.L.; Glynn, N.W.; Boudreau, R.M.; Rejeski, W.J.; Bohnen, N.; Chen, H.; Johannsen, N.M.; King, A.C.; Manini, T.M.; et al. Dopamine-related genotypes and physical activity change during an intervention: The lifestyle interventions and independence for elders study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2018, 66, 1172–1179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jozkow, P.; Slowinska-Lisowska, M.; Laczmanski, L.; Medras, M. DRD2 C313T and DRD4 48-bp VNTR polymorphisms and physical activity of healthy men in Lower Silesia, Poland (HALS study). Ann. Hum. Biol. 2013, 40, 186–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pohjalainen, T.; Rinne, J.O.; Någren, K.; Lehikoinen, P.; Anttila, K.; Syvälahti, E.K.G.; Hietala, J. The A1 allele of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene predicts low D2 receptor availability in healthy volunteers. Mol. Psychiatry 1998, 3, 256–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, C.G.; Moon, H.; Park, S. The effects of dopamine receptor genes on the trajectories of sport participation from adolescence through young adulthood. Ann. Hum. Biol. 2020, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kor, K.; Mullan, B.A. Sleep hygiene behaviours: An application of the theory of planned behaviour and the investigatior of perceived autonomy support, past behavior and response inhibition. Psychol. Health 2011, 26, 1208–1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rivis, A.; Sheeran, P.; Armitage, C.J. Intention versus identification as determinants of adolescents’ health behaviours: Evidence and correlates. Psychol. Health 2011, 26, 1128–1142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glanz, K.; Rimer, B.K.; Viswanath, K. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4th ed.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Ajzen, I. The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychol. Health 2011, 26, 1113–1127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaccard, J.; Dodge, T.; Dittus, P. Parent-adolescent communication about sex and birth control: A conceptual framework. New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev. 2002, 97, 9–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leventhal, H.; Singer, R.; Jones, S. Effects of fear and specificity of recommendation upon attitudes and behaviour. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1965, 34, 20–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gollwitzer, P.M. Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. Am. Psychol. 1999, 54, 493–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sniehotta, F.F.; Scholz, U.; Schwarzer, R. Action plans and coping plans for physical exercise: A longitudinal intervention study in cardiac rehabilitation. Brit. J. Health Psych. 2006, 11, 23–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Salamone, J.D. Complex motor and sensorimotor functions of striatal and accumbens dopamine: Involvement in instrumental behavior processes. Psychopharmacology 1992, 107, 160–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ajzen, I. Constructing a TPB Questionnaire: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. 2002. Available online: https://people.umass.edu/~aizen. (accessed on 1 February 2021).
- Rhodes, R.E.; de Bruijn, G.J. What predicts intention-behavior discordance? a review of the action control framework. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2013, 41, 201–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blum, K.; Gold, M.S.; Mitchell, L.G.; Washington, K.W.; Baron, D.; Thanos, P.K.; Steinberg, B.; Modestino, E.J.; Fried, L.; Badgaiyan, R.D. Global evidence for the key role of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and DRD2 receptors in alcoholism. J. Neurogenet. Res. 2017, 1, 1001. [Google Scholar]
- Deng, X.D.; Jiang, H.; Ma, Y.; Gao, Q.; Zhang, B.; Mu, B.; Zhang, L.-X.; Zhang, W.; Er, Z.-E.M.; Xie, Y.; et al. Association between DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism and common illicit drug dependence: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Hum. Immunol. 2015, 76, 42–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cockburn, C.; Clarke, G. “Everybody’s looking at you!”: Girls negotiating the “femininity deficit” they incur in physical education. Womens Stud. Int. Forum 2002, 25, 651–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chung, Y.N. Women’s constraints to participation in leisure sports. Korea J. Sports Sci. 2008, 17, 295–307. [Google Scholar]
- Egorov, A.Y.; Szabo, A. The exercise paradox: An interactional model for aclearer conceptualization of exercise addiction. J. Behav. Addict. 2013, 2, 199–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Paukert, A.L.; Pettit, J.W.; Perez, M.; Walker, R.L. Affective and attributional features of acculturative stress among ethnic minority college students. J. Psychol. 2006, 140, 405–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, E.Y.; Yu, H.S. A comparative study of the stressors, stress management behaviors, and the behavior contents among Korean, Japanese and Chinese university students. J. Educ. Cult. 2018, 24, 193–211. [Google Scholar]
- Trail, G.T.; James, J.D. Sport Consumer Behavior, 2nd ed.; Sport Consumer Research Consultants Internet Publishing: Seattle, WA, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
Characteristics | Males (N = 34) | Females (N = 21) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Grade (%) | 0.877 | ||
Freshman | 7 (20.59) | 5 (23.81) | |
Sophomore | 9 (26.47) | 4 (19.05) | |
Junior | 8 (23.53) | 4 (19.05) | |
Senior | 10 (29.41) | 8 (38.80) | |
DRD2 (%) | 0.464 | ||
A1(−) group | 21 (61.76) | 15 (71.43) | |
A1(+/++) group | 13 (38.24) | 6 (28.57) | |
Intention | |||
Mean (SD) | 1.71 (1.34) | 1.62 (1.02) | <0.001 |
Sport participation | |||
Mean (SD) | 311.38 (281.08) | 175.0 (169.45) | <0.001 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate (SE) | p-Value | Estimate (SE) | p-Value | |
Males (N = 26) | ||||
Intercept | 104.84 (67.58) | 0.135 | 73.32 (63.34) | 0.260 |
Grade | 6.96 (18.19) | 0.706 | −3.22 (17.22) | 0.853 |
Intention | 69.51 (20.62) | 0.003 | 67.03 (18.91) | 0.002 |
DRD2 | 105.10 (45.07) | 0.029 | ||
Females (N = 19) | ||||
Intercept | −17.96 (88.23) | 0.841 | 12.18 (126.34) | 0.925 |
Grade | −40.12 (27.23) | 0.160 | −50.28 (40.77) | 0.237 |
Intention | 165.50 (44.39) | 0.002 | 179.24 (60.74) | 0.010 |
DRD2 | −36.78 (107.25) | 0.736 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Park, S.; Kwon, J.; Ahn, C.; Cho, H.-S.; Moon, H.Y.; Lee, C.G. The Role of Dopamine Receptor D2 in Bridging the Intention-Behavior Gap in Sport Participation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052379
Park S, Kwon J, Ahn C, Cho H-S, Moon HY, Lee CG. The Role of Dopamine Receptor D2 in Bridging the Intention-Behavior Gap in Sport Participation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052379
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Seiyeong, Junhye Kwon, Chiyoung Ahn, Hae-Sung Cho, Hyo Youl Moon, and Chung Gun Lee. 2021. "The Role of Dopamine Receptor D2 in Bridging the Intention-Behavior Gap in Sport Participation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052379