The Prevalence and Determinants of Being Offered and Accepting Operational Management Services—A Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Determinants at Baseline
2.3. Outcomes at Follow-Up
- OIM offer received: participants reported whether they had been offered OIM services by their employers (yes/no).
- OIM offer accepted: those who had provided an affirmative response to the previous question were asked whether they had accepted the OIM offer (yes/no).
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics and OIM Offer or Acceptance
3.2. Determinants of Receiving an OIM Offer
3.3. Determinants of Accepting an OIM Offer
4. Discussion
4.1. Interpretation of Findings
4.2. Methodological Considerations
4.3. Recommendation for Research and Practice
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin. Volkswirtschaftliche Kosten Durch Arbeitsunfähigkeit 2017 [Economic Cost due to Sick Leave in 2017]. Available online: https://www.baua.de/DE/Themen/Arbeitswelt-und-Arbeitsschutz-im-Wandel/Arbeitsweltberichterstattung/Kosten-der-AU/pdf/Kosten-2017.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 (accessed on 1 March 2019).
- European Commission. Recruitment and Retention of the Health Workforce; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Vogel, N.; Schandelmaier, S.; Zumbrunn, T.; Ebrahim, S.; de Boer, W.E.; Busse, J.W.; Kunz, R. Return-to-work coordination programmes for improving return to work in workers on sick leave. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017, CD011618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- van Vilsteren, M.; van Oostrom, S.H.; de Vet, H.C.; Franche, R.L.; Boot, C.R.; Anema, J.R. Workplace interventions to prevent work disability in workers on sick leave. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015, CD006955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoefsmit, N.; Houkes, I.; Nijhuis, F. Intervention characteristics that facilitate return to work after sickness absence: A systematic literature review. J. Occup. Rehabil. 2012, 22, 462–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carroll, C.; Rick, J.; Pilgrim, H.; Cameron, J.; Hillage, J. Workplace involvement improves return to work rates among employees with back pain on long-term sick leave: A systematic review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions. Disabil. Rehabil. 2010, 32, 607–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Skivington, K.; Lifshen, M.; Mustard, C. Implementing a collaborative return-to-work program: Lessons from a qualitative study in a large Canadian healthcare organization. Work 2016, 55, 613–624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales. Betriebliches Eingliederungsmanagement [Operational Integration Management]. Available online: https://www.bmas.de/DE/Themen/Arbeitsschutz/Gesundheit-am-Arbeitsplatz/betriebliches-eingliederungsmanagement.html (accessed on 1 May 2019).
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin]. Return to Work (RTW) and Operational Integration Management (OIM). Available online: https://www.baua.de/EN/Topics/Work-and-health/Workplace-health-management/Operational-integration-management/Operational-integration-management_node.html (accessed on 2 May 2019).
- Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege (BGW). Betriebliches Eingliederungsmanagement—Praxisteitfaden [Operational Integration Management—Practice Guideline]; Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege (BGW): Hamburg, Germany, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Niehaus, M.; Marfels, B.; Vater, G.; Magin, J.; Werkstetter, E. Betriebliches Eingliederungsmanagement: Studie zur Umsetzung des Betrieblichen Eingliederungsmanagements nach § 84 Abs. 2 SGB IX [Operational Integration Management: Study on the Implementation of Operational Integration Management According to § 84 Abs. 2 SGB IX]; Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales: Cologne, Germany, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Gröben, F.; Freigang-Bauer, I.; Barthen, L. Workplace reintegration programs for employees with mental disorders. What do enterprises need? An analysis. Prävention Gesundh. 2011, 6, 229–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bethge, M.; Spanier, K.; Neugebauer, T.; Mohnberg, I.; Radoschewski, F.M. Self-reported poor work ability—An indicator of need for rehabilitation? A cross-sectional study of a sample of German employees. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2015, 94, 958–966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tuomi, K.I.J.; Jahkola, A.; Katajarinne, L.; Tulkki, A. Arbeitsbewältigungsindex. Work Ability Index; Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Verlag für Neue Wissenschaft: Bremerhaven, Germany, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Ilmarinen, J. The Work Ability Index (WAI). Occup. Med. (Lond.) 2007, 57, 160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Morfeld, M.; Kirchberger, I.; Bullinger, M. SF-36 Fragebogen zum Gesundheitszustand: Deutsche Version des Short Form-36 Health Survey [SF-36 Questionnaire on the Health Status: German Version of the Short Form-36 Health Survey]; Hogrefe: Göttingen, Germany, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- RAND Corporation. 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36). Available online: https://www.rand.org/health-care/surveys_tools/mos/36-item-short-form.html (accessed on 2 February 2021).
- Dalgard, O.S.; Dowrick, C.; Lehtinen, V.; Vazquez-Barquero, J.L.; Casey, P.; Wilkinson, G.; Ayuso-Mateos, J.L.; Page, H.; Dunn, G.; Group, O. Negative life events, social support and gender difference in depression: A multinational community survey with data from the ODIN study. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2006, 41, 444–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siegrist, J.; Wege, N.; Puhlhofer, F.; Wahrendorf, M. A short generic measure of work stress in the era of globalization: Effort-reward imbalance. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2009, 82, 1005–1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spanier, K.; Radoschewski, F.M.; Gutenbrunner, C.; Bethge, M. Direct and indirect effects of organizational justice on work ability. Occup. Med. (Lond.) 2014, 64, 638–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rammstedt, B.; John, O. Short version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-K): Development and validation of an economic inventory for assessment of the five factors of personality. Diagnostica 2005, 51, 195–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costa, P.T., Jr.; McCrae, R.R. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Manual; Psychological Assessment Resources: Odessa, TX, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. What Is an SME? Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/business-friendly-environment/sme-definition_en (accessed on 15 May 2019).
- Knol, M.J.; Le Cessie, S.; Algra, A.; Vandenbroucke, J.P.; Groenwold, R.H. Overestimation of risk ratios by odds ratios in trials and cohort studies: Alternatives to logistic regression. CMAJ 2012, 184, 895–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spiegelman, D.; Hertzmark, E. Easy SAS calculations for risk or prevalence ratios and differences. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2005, 162, 199–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Heinze, G.; Wallisch, C.; Dunkler, D. Variable selection—A review and recommendations for the practicing statistician. Biom. J. 2018, 60, 431–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kaiser, H.; Frohnweiler, A.; Jastrow, B. EIBE 1—Entwicklung und Integration eines Betrieblichen Eingliederungsmanagements [EIBE 1—Development and Integration of Operational Integration Management]. Bericht 372; Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales: Nürnberg, Germany, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Bauer, J.; Chakraverty, V.; Niehaus, M. Workplace inclusion: Employees with permanent health impairments between stigmatization and support. Public Health Forum 2017, 25, 315–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lemieux, P.; Durand, M.J.; Hong, Q.N. Supervisors’ perception of the factors influencing the return to work of workers with common mental disorders. J. Occup. Rehabil. 2011, 21, 293–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robb, K.A.; Simon, A.E.; Miles, A.; Wardle, J. Public perceptions of cancer: A qualitative study of the balance of positive and negative beliefs. BMJ Open 2014, 4, e005434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Engstrom, L.G.; Janson, S. Stress-related sickness absence and return to labour market in Sweden. Disabil. Rehabil. 2007, 29, 411–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosmalen, J.G.; Neeleman, J.; Gans, R.O.; de Jonge, P. The association between neuroticism and self-reported common somatic symptoms in a population cohort. J. Psychosom. Res. 2007, 62, 305–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ohlbrecht, H.; Detka, C.; Kuczyk, S.; Lange, B. Return to work and stay at work—The question of successful operational integration management. Rehabilitation (Stuttg.) 2018, 57, 157–164. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Galea, S.; Tracy, M. Participation rates in epidemiologic studies. Ann. Epidemiol. 2007, 17, 643–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bethge, M.; Spanier, K.; Kohn, S.; Schlumbohm, A. Self-reported work ability predicts health-related exit and absence from work, work participation, and death: Longitudinal findings from a sample of German employees. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2020, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | ||
---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD a) | 48.09 (4.04) | |
Sex, n (%) | Men | 890 (44.17) |
Women | 1125 (55.83) | |
Mother tongue other than German, n (%) | No | 1952 (96.92) |
Yes | 62 (3.08) | |
Married, n (%) | No | 718 (35.67) |
Yes | 1295 (64.33) | |
Highest completed educational level, n (%) | Apprenticeship | 1079 (55.73) |
Technical college | 413 (21.33) | |
University | 444 (22.93) | |
Accident-related injuries, n (%) | No | 1605 (79.65) |
Yes | 410 (20.35) | |
Musculoskeletal disease, n (%) | No | 998 (49.53) |
Yes | 1017 (50.47) | |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | No | 1562 (77.52) |
Yes | 453 (22.48) | |
Respiratory disease, n (%) | No | 1715 (85.11) |
Yes | 300 (14.89) | |
Mental impairment, n (%) | No | 1408 (69.88) |
Yes | 607 (30.12) | |
Neurological disease, n (%) | No | 1656 (82.18) |
Yes | 359 (17.82) | |
Gastrointestinal disease, n (%) | No | 1776 (88.14) |
Yes | 239 (11.86) | |
Urogenital disease, n (%) | No | 1851 (91.86) |
Yes | 164 (8.14) | |
Skin disease, n (%) | No | 1784 (88.54) |
Yes | 231 (11.46) | |
Cancer, n (%) | No | 1869 (92.75) |
Yes | 146 (7.25) | |
Endocrinological or metabolic disease, n (%) | No | 1671 (82.93) |
Yes | 344 (17.07) | |
Hematological disease, n (%) | No | 1946 (96.58) |
Yes | 69 (3.42) | |
Congenital disease, n (%) | No | 1959 (97.22) |
Yes | 56 (2.78) | |
Workability, mean (SD), potential score range = 0–10 | 6.80 (2.37) | |
Disease-related impairment at work, mean (SD), potential score range = 1–6 | 4.44 (1.40) | |
Physical health summary score, mean (SD), potential score range = 0–100 | 45.80 (10.63) | |
Mental health summary score, mean (SD), potential score range = 0–100 | 45.00 (12.77) | |
Self-reported days with sickness absence b, n (%) | None | 228 (11.37) |
1–9 | 320 (15.96) | |
10–24 | 299 (14.91) | |
25–99 | 693 (34.56) | |
100–365 | 465 (23.19) | |
Number of general practitioner visits per year, n (%) | 0–3 | 890 (46.48) |
4+ | 1025 (53.52) | |
Social support, mean (SD), potential score range = 3–14 | 9.70 (2.26) | |
Effort–reward imbalance ratio, mean (SD) | 1.37 (0.57) | |
Overcommitment, mean (SD), potential score range = 6–24 | 14.94 (2.42) | |
Organizational justice, mean (SD), potential score range = 1–5 | 3.09 (0.87) | |
Neuroticism, mean (SD), potential score range = 3–21 | 12.37 (4.12) | |
Extraversion, mean (SD), potential score range = 3–21 | 14.76 (3.58) | |
Openness, mean (SD), potential score range = 3–21 | 14.36 (3.56) | |
Conscientiousness, mean (SD), potential score range = 3–21 | 18.65 (2.30) | |
Agreeableness, mean (SD), potential score range = 3–21 | 16.72 (2.93) | |
Company size c, n (%) | Small | 597 (29.92) |
Medium | 445 (22.31) | |
Large | 953 (47.77) | |
Operational integration management d offered, n (%) | 691 (36.01) | |
Operational integration management d accepted, n (%) | 531 (77.18) |
RR b | 95% CI c | ||
---|---|---|---|
Mental impairment | No | 1.0 | Ref. |
Yes | 1.23 | 1.08, 1.41 | |
Skin disease | No | 1.0 | Ref. |
Yes | 0.80 | 0.67, 0.97 | |
Cancer | No | 1.0 | Ref. |
Yes | 1.27 | 1.08, 1.52 | |
Self-reported days with sickness absence | None | 1.0 | Ref. |
1-9 | 0.99 | 0.74, 1.31 | |
10-24 | 1.15 | 0.88, 1.50 | |
25-99 | 1.24 | 0.97, 1.58 | |
100-365 | 1.56 | 1.22, 1.98 | |
Organizational justice, z-score | 1.08 | 1.03, 1.14 | |
Neuroticism, z-score | 1.11 | 1.04, 1.18 | |
Company size d | Small | 1.0 | Ref. |
Medium | 1.39 | 1.11, 1.74 | |
Large | 2.44 | 2.04, 2.91 |
RR b | 95% CI c | ||
---|---|---|---|
Mental impairment | No | 1.0 | Ref. |
Yes | 1.12 | 1.04, 1.21 | |
Company size d | Small | 1.0 | Ref. |
Medium | 0.87 | 0.78, 0.96 | |
Large | 0.82 | 0.76, 0.89 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Loerbroks, A.; Scharf, J.; Angerer, P.; Spanier, K.; Bethge, M. The Prevalence and Determinants of Being Offered and Accepting Operational Management Services—A Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042158
Loerbroks A, Scharf J, Angerer P, Spanier K, Bethge M. The Prevalence and Determinants of Being Offered and Accepting Operational Management Services—A Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):2158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042158
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoerbroks, Adrian, Jessica Scharf, Peter Angerer, Katja Spanier, and Matthias Bethge. 2021. "The Prevalence and Determinants of Being Offered and Accepting Operational Management Services—A Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 2158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042158