Assessing Esports Participation Intention: The Development and Psychometric Properties of the Theory of Planned Behavior-Based Esports Intention Questionnaire (TPB-Esport-Q)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study 1
2.1. Method
2.2. Participants
2.3. Results
3. Study 2
3.1. Method
3.1.1. Participants
3.1.2. Procedures
3.1.3. Measures
3.1.4. Statistical Analyses
3.2. Results
Demographics
3.3. Explorative Factor Analysis
3.3.1. Direct Measures
3.3.2. Indirect Measures
Behavioral Beliefs
Normative Beliefs
Control Beliefs
3.4. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.4.1. Direct Measures
Intention
Attitude
Subjective Norms
Perceived Behavioral Control
Behavioral Beliefs
Normative Beliefs
Control Beliefs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Secondary School | ||
---|---|---|
Age | N | % |
Below 15 years | 47 | 4.0% |
15–19 years | 1098 | 94.3% |
20–25 years | 12 | 1.0% |
N/A | 7 | 0.6% |
Gender | ||
Male | 533 | 45.8% |
Female | 615 | 52.8% |
N/A | ||
Participated in Esports in last 6 months | ||
Yes | 48 | 4.1% |
No | 1116 | 95.6% |
Secondary grade | ||
Form 1 | 3 | 0.3% |
Form 3 | 31 | 2.7% |
Form 4 | 478 | 41.4% |
Form 5 | 531 | 45.6% |
Form 6 | 78 | 6.7% |
School location | ||
Kowloon City | 1 | 0.1% |
Yuen Long | 104 | 8.9% |
Northern District | 146 | 12.5% |
Southern District | 14 | 1.2% |
Tuen Mun | 110 | 9.5% |
Sha Tin | 304 | 26.1% |
Shum Shui Po | 69 | 5.9% |
Wai Chai | 40 | 3.4% |
Tsuen Wan | 1 | 0.1% |
Kwai Chung | 4 | 0.3% |
Kwai Tsing | 226 | 19.4% |
Sai Kung | 32 | 2.7% |
Kwun Tong | 112 | 9.6% |
N/A | 1 | 0.1% |
House type | ||
Private house | 281 | 24.1% |
Home ownership scheme | 155 | 13.3% |
Public housing | 607 | 52.1% |
Others | 84 | 7.2% |
N/A | 37 | 3.2% |
Household income | ||
HKD 20,000 and below | 375 | 32.2% |
HKD 20,000–HKD 30,000 | 368 | 31.6% |
HKD 30,000–HKD 40,000 | 189 | 16.2% |
HKD 40,000–HKD 50,000 | 57 | 4.9% |
HKD 50,000 and above | 81 | 7.0% |
N/A | 94 | 8.1% |
Measurement Model | KMO | Cronbach’s α | |
---|---|---|---|
Direct Measures | |||
Intention | Secondary | 0.84 | 0.96 |
University | 0.83 | 0.95 | |
Attitude | Secondary | 0.82 | 0.96 |
University | 0.81 | 0.88 | |
Subjective Norms | Secondary | 0.87 | 0.88 |
University | 0.86 | 0.94 | |
Perceived Behavioral Control | Secondary | 0.63 | 0.92 |
University | 0.56 | 0.76 | |
Indirect Measures | |||
Behavioral Beliefs | Secondary | 0.93 | 0.88 |
University | 0.91 | 0.84 | |
Normative Beliefs | Secondary | 0.94 | 0.90 |
University | 0.90 | 0.86 | |
Control Beliefs | Secondary | 0.92 | 0.93 |
University | / | 0.91 |
Measurement Model | Chi-Squared Test | Indices | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2/df | p | CFI | NNFI | SRMR | RMSEA (90% CI) | ||
Direct Measures | |||||||
Intention | Secondary | Perfect Fit | <0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
University | 6.61 | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.003 | 0.078 (0.031–0.138) | |
Attitude | Secondary | 10.9 | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.012 | 0.093 (0.06–0.13) |
University | Perfect Fit | <0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Subjective Norms | Secondary | Perfect Fit | <0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
University | 2.19 | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.004 | 0.0354 (0.00–0.082) | |
Perceived Behavioral Control | Secondary | 2.37 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.0032 | 0.034 (0.00–0.093) |
University | 2.67 | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.0086 | 0.042 (0.00–0.106) | |
Indirect Measures | |||||||
Behavioral Beliefs | Secondary | 7.03 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.052 | 0.068 (0.069–0.074) |
University | 4.34 | <0.001 | 0.93 | 0.926 | 0.064 | 0.066 (0.059–0.073) | |
Normative Beliefs | Secondary | 4.5 | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.055 (0.046–0.065) |
University | 4.5 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.902 | 0.057 | 0.072 (0.062–0.082) | |
Control Beliefs | Secondary | 5.1 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.046 | 0.06 (0.055–0.065) |
University | 4.5 | <0.001 | 0.91 | 0.913 | 0.07 | 0.072 (0.066–0.078) |
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Leung, K.-M.; Wong, M.-Y.-C.; Ou, K.-L.; Chung, P.-K.; Lau, K.-L. Assessing Esports Participation Intention: The Development and Psychometric Properties of the Theory of Planned Behavior-Based Esports Intention Questionnaire (TPB-Esport-Q). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312653
Leung K-M, Wong M-Y-C, Ou K-L, Chung P-K, Lau K-L. Assessing Esports Participation Intention: The Development and Psychometric Properties of the Theory of Planned Behavior-Based Esports Intention Questionnaire (TPB-Esport-Q). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312653
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeung, Ka-Man, Ming-Yu-Claudia Wong, Kai-Ling Ou, Pak-Kwong Chung, and Ka-Lai Lau. 2021. "Assessing Esports Participation Intention: The Development and Psychometric Properties of the Theory of Planned Behavior-Based Esports Intention Questionnaire (TPB-Esport-Q)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312653
APA StyleLeung, K. -M., Wong, M. -Y. -C., Ou, K. -L., Chung, P. -K., & Lau, K. -L. (2021). Assessing Esports Participation Intention: The Development and Psychometric Properties of the Theory of Planned Behavior-Based Esports Intention Questionnaire (TPB-Esport-Q). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312653