Perceived Health, Psychological Distress, and Subjective Well-Being among Older Adults with Parkinson’s Disease: A Cross-Lagged Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sampling and Data Collection
2.2. Measurement
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Frame
3.2. Correlations
3.3. Test of Time Effect Using t-Test
3.4. Auto-Regressive Effect and Cross-Lagged Associations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Appendix A
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. ADLs (t1) | - | |||||||||||||||
2. ADLs (t2) | 0.115 | - | ||||||||||||||
3. IADLs (t1) | 0.217 ** | 0.117 | - | |||||||||||||
4. IADLs (t2) | 0.192 ** | 0.233 ** | 0.569 ** | - | ||||||||||||
5. CI (t1) | 0.028 | 0.090 | 0.138 ** | 0.059 | - | |||||||||||
6. CI (t2) | 0.155 * | 0.134 | 0.285 ** | 0.231 ** | 0.408 ** | - | ||||||||||
7. SRH (t1) | −0.323 ** | −0.223 ** | −0.385 ** | −0.238 ** | −0.174 ** | −0.175 * | - | |||||||||
8. SRH (t2) | −0.190 ** | −0.360 ** | −0.209 ** | −0.359 ** | −0.022 | −0.098 | 0.343 ** | - | ||||||||
9. DP (t1) | 0.165 ** | 0.046 | 0.498 ** | 0.289 ** | 0.137 ** | 0.107 | −0.361 ** | −0.078 | - | |||||||
10. DP (t2) | 0.085 | 0.094 | 0.375 ** | 0.433 ** | 0.053 | 0.176 * | −0.259 ** | −0.419 ** | 0.427 ** | - | ||||||
11. LN (t1) | 0.105 | 0.203 * | 0.270 ** | 0.198 * | 0.111 | 0.116 | −0.193 ** | −0.106 | 0.382 ** | 0.273 ** | - | |||||
12. LN (t2) | 0.027 | 0.145 | 0.289 ** | 0.311 ** | 0.089 | 0.122 | −0.102 | −0.152 | 0.310 ** | 0.428 ** | 0.420 ** | - | ||||
13. CASP (t1) | −0.202 ** | −0.146 | −0.550 ** | −0.427 ** | −0.131 * | −0.234 ** | 0.475 ** | 0.255 ** | −0.614 ** | −0.430 ** | −0.416 ** | −0.311 ** | - | |||
14. CASP (t2) | −0.195 * | −0.143 | −0.301 ** | −0.494 ** | 0.038 | −0.159 | 0.389 ** | 0.377 ** | −0.359 ** | −0.574 ** | −0.305 ** | −0.436 ** | 0.547 ** | - | ||
15. LS (t1) | −0.109 * | −0.009 | −0.314 ** | −0.220 ** | −0.119 * | −0.205 ** | 0.330 ** | 0.149 * | −0.415 ** | −0.308 ** | −0.405 ** | −0.297 ** | 0.566 ** | 0.368 ** | - | |
16. LS (t2) | −0.033 | −0.074 | −0.232 ** | −0.288 ** | −0.107 | −0.091 | 0.265 ** | 0.332 ** | −0.268 ** | −0.413 ** | −0.252 ** | −0.356 ** | 0.355 ** | 0.552 ** | 0.156 * | - |
Appendix B
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Time 1 | Time 2 | t-Value | p-Value | Cohen’s d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measures | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
ADLs | 0.92 (0.26) | 0.91 (0.28) | 0.391 | 0.231 | - |
IADLs | 1.51 (1.92) | 3.64 (2.54) | −11.040 | 0.000 | 0.95 |
Chronic diseases | 3.43 (1.87) | 3.28 (2.01) | 0.946 | 0.345 | - |
Self-rated health | 1.72 (0.76) | 1.62 (0.68) | 1.505 | 0.134 | - |
Depression | 3.79 (2.55) | 3.92 (2.55) | −0.612 | 0.541 | - |
Loneliness | 1.40 (0.68) | 1.50 (0.62) | 1.392 | 0.134 | - |
CASP-quality of life scale | 34.08 (6.46) | 32.83 (6.03) | 2.487 | 0.014 | 0.21 |
Life satisfaction | 7.06 (2.12) | 6.68 (2.11) | 2.060 | 0.031 | 0.18 |
Path | β | S.E. | t-Value | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time 1 | Time 2 | ||||
IADLs | IADLs | 0.550 *** | 0.072 | 8.544 | 0.49 |
CASP-quality of life | −0.217 *** | 0.071 | −3.318 | ||
Chronic diseases | Chronic diseases | 0.365 *** | 0.064 | 5.748 | 0.23 |
IADLs | 0.265 *** | 0.064 | 4.164 | ||
Self-rated health | Self-rated health | 0.328 *** | 0.067 | 4.828 | 0.09 |
Depression | Depression | 0.185 * | 0.088 | 2.234 | 0.31 |
Loneliness | 0.161 * | 0.080 | 2.157 | ||
CASP-quality of life | −0.244 ** | 0.093 | −2.747 | ||
Chronic diseases | 0.184 ** | 0.065 | 3.072 | ||
IADLs | 0.249 ** | 0.083 | 3.256 | ||
Loneliness | Loneliness | 0.539 *** | 0.073 | 7.355 | 0.25 |
CASP-quality of life | CASP-quality of life | 0.445 *** | 0.078 | 5.832 | 0.38 |
Chronic diseases | −0.208 *** | 0.065 | −3.388 | ||
Self-rated health | 0.196 ** | 0.073 | 2.831 | ||
Loneliness | −0.228 ** | 0.077 | −3.069 | ||
Life satisfaction | Life satisfaction | 0.401 *** | 0.075 | 5.418 | 0.20 |
Self-rated health | 0.151 * | 0.075 | 2.050 |
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Lee, S. Perceived Health, Psychological Distress, and Subjective Well-Being among Older Adults with Parkinson’s Disease: A Cross-Lagged Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312566
Lee S. Perceived Health, Psychological Distress, and Subjective Well-Being among Older Adults with Parkinson’s Disease: A Cross-Lagged Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312566
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Sunwoo. 2021. "Perceived Health, Psychological Distress, and Subjective Well-Being among Older Adults with Parkinson’s Disease: A Cross-Lagged Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312566