Nature Exposure and Positive Body Image: A Cross–Sectional Study Examining the Mediating Roles of Physical Activity, Autonomous Motivation, Connectedness to Nature, and Perceived Restorativeness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Natural Environments and Well-Being
1.2. Natural Environments and Positive Body Image
1.3. Natural Environments and Physical Activity in Nature
1.4. Physical Activity in Nature, Autonomous Motivation, and Positive Body Image
1.5. Natural Environments, Connectedness to Nature, Restoration in Nature, Positive Body Image, and Physical Activity
1.6. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Sample
3.2. Correlations between Study Variables
3.3. Path Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Physical Activity in Nature and Physical Activity Motivation as the Mediators between Nature Exposure and Positive Body Image
4.2. Restoration in Nature and Connectedness to Nature as Mediators between Nature Exposure and Positive Body Image
4.3. Differences in Nature Exposure, Body Appreciation, Physical Activity in Nature, Physical Activity Motivation, Nature Connectedness, and Restorativeness in Urban and Rural Residents
4.4. Practical Implications
4.5. Strengths and Limitations of the Present Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | men | 244 | 26.4 |
women | 680 | 73.6 | |
Age, years (m ± SD) 40.0 ± 12.4 | |||
Education | secondary | 105 | 11.3 |
in full time studies | 71 | 7.7 | |
undergraduate degree | 385 | 41.7 | |
postgraduate degree | 322 | 34.8 | |
other | 41 | 4.5 | |
Marital status | single | 170 | 18.4 |
single but in a committed relationship | 159 | 17.2 | |
married | 534 | 57.8 | |
other | 61 | 6.6 | |
Place of residence | capital city | 143 | 15.5 |
capital suburb | 28 | 3.0 | |
provincial city with more than 100,000 inhabitants | 318 | 34.4 | |
provincial town with more than 10,000 inhabitants | 185 | 20.0 | |
rural area | 250 | 27.1 | |
Ethnicity | ethnic majority | 842 | 91.1 |
ethnic minority | 27 | 2.9 | |
not sure | 55 | 6.0 | |
Financial security | less secure compared to others | 158 | 17.1 |
same | 599 | 64.8 | |
more secure compared to others | 167 | 18.1 | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 35 | 3.8 |
normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 514 | 55.7 | |
overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 261 | 28.3 | |
obesity (≥30.0 kg/m2) | 112 | 12.2 |
Variables | Urban n = 646 | Rural n = 278 | t | Cohen’s d | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nature exposure | 4.02 ± 0.72 | 4.28 ± 0.72 | −5.12 | −0.37 | <0.001 |
Relative exercise autonomy | 9.25 ± 6.74 | 8.15 ± 7.30 | 2.16 | 0.16 | 0.031 |
Frequency of PAN | 3.42 ± 1.30 | 3.72 ± 1.39 | −3.11 | −0.22 | 0.002 |
Nature restorativeness | 5.40 ± 1.47 | 5.40 ± 1.57 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.99 |
Connectedness to nature | 3.80 ± 0.71 | 3.84 ± 0.73 | −0.086 | −0.06 | 0.39 |
Body appreciation | 3.75 ± 0.80 | 3.61 ± 0.92 | 2.18 | 0.17 | 0.03 |
Variables | NES | RAI | PAN | ROS | CNS | BAS-2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nature Exposure Scale (NES) | 1 | |||||
Exercise Autonomy Index (RAI) | 0.29 ** | 1 | ||||
Frequency of Physical Activity in Nature (PAN) | 0.37 ** | 0.29 ** | 1 | |||
Restoration Outcomes Scale (ROS) | 0.34 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.11 ** | 1 | ||
Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) | 0.43 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.57 ** | 1 | |
Body Appreciation Scale 2 (BAS-2) | 0.23 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.33 ** | 1 |
Paths | β (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|
Nature exposure→connectedness to nature→nature restorativeness | 0.219 (0.181, 0.258) | 0.001 |
RAI→nature restorativeness→body appreciation | 0.032 (0.015, 0.053) | 0.001 |
Nature exposure→body appreciation (via PAN frequency, nature connectedness and nature restorativeness) | 0.137 (0.102, 0.171) | 0.001 |
Connestedness to nature→nature restorativeness→body appreciation | 0.068 (0.033, 0.109) | 0.001 |
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Baceviciene, M.; Jankauskiene, R.; Swami, V. Nature Exposure and Positive Body Image: A Cross–Sectional Study Examining the Mediating Roles of Physical Activity, Autonomous Motivation, Connectedness to Nature, and Perceived Restorativeness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212246
Baceviciene M, Jankauskiene R, Swami V. Nature Exposure and Positive Body Image: A Cross–Sectional Study Examining the Mediating Roles of Physical Activity, Autonomous Motivation, Connectedness to Nature, and Perceived Restorativeness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):12246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212246
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaceviciene, Migle, Rasa Jankauskiene, and Viren Swami. 2021. "Nature Exposure and Positive Body Image: A Cross–Sectional Study Examining the Mediating Roles of Physical Activity, Autonomous Motivation, Connectedness to Nature, and Perceived Restorativeness" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 12246. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212246