Do Parental and Peer Support Protect Adjustment in the Face of Ethnic Discrimination? A Comparison between Refugee Youth and Youth of Immigrant Descent
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Perceived Ethnic Discrimination as a Risk Factor for Positive Adjustment
1.2. Two Potential Protective Factors: Parental and Peer Support
1.3. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Positive Adjustment
2.2.2. Perceived Ethnic Discrimination at School
2.2.3. Social Support
2.2.4. Control Variables
2.3. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Main Analysis
3.2.1. Perceived Ethnic Discrimination at School and Positive Adjustment Outcomes
3.2.2. Parental and Peer Support as Protective Factors
3.2.3. Effects of Control Variables on Outcomes in Main Analyses
3.3. Additional Analyses: Exploring Differences between Refugee Youth and Youth of Immigrant Descent
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations and Future Research
4.2. Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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M | SD | |
---|---|---|
Self-esteem | 2.80 | 0.63 |
Self-efficacy (goals) | 2.89 | 0.66 |
Self-efficacy (abilities) | 3.01 | 0.65 |
Optimism | 2.93 | 0.58 |
School integration | 3.01 | 0.62 |
Perceived ethnic discrimination at school | 1.88 | 1.48 |
Peer support | 3.10 | 0.53 |
Parental support | 3.25 | 0.77 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -- | |||||||
| −0.001 | -- | ||||||
| 0.173 † | 0.440 *** | -- | |||||
| 0.062 | 0.428 *** | 0.377 *** | -- | ||||
| −0.103 | 0.440 *** | 0.409 *** | 0.384 *** | -- | |||
| −0.292 ** | 0.403 *** | 0.023 | 0.187 † | 0.246 * | -- | ||
| −0.008 | 0.274 ** | 0.159 | 0.133 | 0.089 | 0.320 *** | -- | |
| −0.339 *** | 0.112 | −0.030 | 0.164 † | 0.274 ** | 0.426 *** | 0.232 * | -- |
Self-Esteem | Optimism | Self-Efficacy (Goals) | Self-Efficacy (Abilities) | School Integration | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived ethnic discrimination at school | 0.031 | −0.026 | 0.063 | 0.039 | −0.038 |
Peer support | 0.477 *** | 0.163 | 0.299 ** | 0.276 † | 0.266 ** |
Parental support | 0.120 | 0.232 ** | 0.053 | 0.281 ** | 0.171 * |
2-way interaction terms | |||||
PED at school X Peer support | 0 | 0.130 † | 0 | 0 | -- |
PED at school X Parental support | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -- |
Controls | |||||
Status (Refugee) | 0.262 * | 0.237 * | 0.039 | 0.060 | 0.307 ** |
Age | −0.031 | −0.013 | 0.007 | −0.036 | −0.002 |
Gender (Female) | −0.219 † | 0.147 | −0.065 | −0.251 * | 0.079 |
School form (Secondary school) | −0.066 | −0.078 | 0.098 | −0.093 | −0.120 |
Ethnic identification | −0.180 ** | 0.021 | −0.046 | −0.020 | −0.043 |
Variance | |||||
R2 | 0.300 | 0.192 | 0.089 | 0.207 | 0.218 |
Model fit | |||||
RMSEA | 0.041 | ||||
CFI | 0.960 | ||||
TLI | 0.919 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-Esteem | Optimism | Self-Efficacy (Goals) | Self-Efficacy (Abilities) | School Integration | |
Refugee youth (n = 55) | B | B | B | B | B |
Perceived ethnic discrimination at school | 0.210 *** | −0.013 | 0.124 † | 0.103 | 0.017 |
Peer support | 0.760 *** | 0.034 | 0.234 | 0.410 * | 0.223 * |
Parental support | −0.050 | 0.089 | 0.079 | 0.294 * | 0.264 * |
Perceived ethnic discrimination at school X Peer support | 0 | 0.242 * | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Perceived ethnic discrimination at school X Parental support | 0 | −0.117 * | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Youth of immigrant descent (n = 49) | |||||
Perceived ethnic discrimination at school | −0.060 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 0.032 | −0.037 |
Peer support | 0.312 * | 0.096 | 0.364 * | 0.048 | 0.251 † |
Parental support | 0.185 | 0.369 * | 0.026 | 0.229 † | 0.055 |
Perceived ethnic discrimination at school X Peer support | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Perceived ethnic discrimination at school X Parental support | 0.165 * | 0.169 * | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Wenzing, J.M.C.; Gharaei, N.; Demir, Z.; Schachner, M.K. Do Parental and Peer Support Protect Adjustment in the Face of Ethnic Discrimination? A Comparison between Refugee Youth and Youth of Immigrant Descent. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212016
Wenzing JMC, Gharaei N, Demir Z, Schachner MK. Do Parental and Peer Support Protect Adjustment in the Face of Ethnic Discrimination? A Comparison between Refugee Youth and Youth of Immigrant Descent. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):12016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212016
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenzing, Julia Marie Christina, Nadya Gharaei, Zeynep Demir, and Maja Katharina Schachner. 2021. "Do Parental and Peer Support Protect Adjustment in the Face of Ethnic Discrimination? A Comparison between Refugee Youth and Youth of Immigrant Descent" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 12016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212016