Integration of Vulnerability and Hazard Factors for Landslide Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Landslide Danger Assessment
2.2.1. Landslide Inventory
2.2.2. Susceptibility Map
2.3. Ecological Values
2.3.1. Biodiversity
2.3.2. Conservation Status
2.3.3. Habitat Fragmentation
2.3.4. Ecological Values Evaluation
2.4. Ecological Regeneration Delay
2.5. Landslide Ecological Vulnerability Assessment
2.6. Landslide Socio-Economic Vulnerability Assessment
2.6.1. Marginalization Index
2.6.2. Population Density
2.6.3. Building Density
2.6.4. Integration of the Three Socio-Economic Vulnerability Factors
2.7. Integration of Vulnerability Components
2.8. First Attempt Risk Assessment through the Integration of Vulnerability and Susceptibility Map
3. Results
3.1. Susceptibility Map
3.2. Landslide Ecological Vulnerability Assessment
3.3. Landslide Socio-Economic Vulnerability Assessment
3.4. Integration of Vulnerability Components
3.5. Risk Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Source | Spatial Resolution (m) |
---|---|---|
Slope | SRTM | 30 |
Aspect | SRTM | 30 |
Distance to the drainage network | SRTM | 30 |
Drainage network density | SRTM | 30 |
Standard curvature of the Earth | SRTM | 30 |
Cumulative annual precipitation | Daymet | 1000 |
Litology | Geological chart | 1:250,000 |
Distance to lineaments | Geological chart | 30 |
Density of lineaments | Geological chart | 30 |
Distance to road infrastructure | Communication routes | 30 |
Density to road infrastructure | Communication routes | 30 |
NDVI | Sensor Landsat 8 | 30 |
Land cover | Copernicus Global Land Service | 100 |
LM Category | Discrete Value |
---|---|
A | 0 |
D | 0 |
N | 3 |
Ad | 0 |
An | 1 |
Dn | 1 |
Da | 0 |
Na | 2 |
Nd | 2 |
Adn | 1 |
Dan | 1 |
Nad | 2 |
ad | 0 |
an | 1 |
dn | 1 |
adn | 1 |
NN | 4 |
AA | 0 |
DD | 0 |
MSPA Categories | Definition | Wj |
---|---|---|
Perforation | Borders of nonforest islands within the forest matrix | 1.3 |
Bridge | Pixels joining two forest patches | 1.5 |
Core | Pixels within the forest matrix | 2 |
Background | Nonforested areas | 1 |
Islet | Forest islands outside the forest matrix | 1.1 |
Branch | Forest corridor linked to a forest patch | 1.2 |
Loop | Pixels joining the same forest patch | 1.2 |
Edge | Borders of the forest matrix | 1.3 |
Factor | Variable Name | Variable Range | Assigned Values |
---|---|---|---|
Biodiversity | NPP | 0–1,000,000 (g C) | Values between 1 and 4 following natural breaks |
Conservation status | PNA | 0–1 | 0 = 0 |
1 = 4 | |||
NI (from LM categories) | 0–4 | 0 = 0 | |
1 = 1 | |||
2 = 2 | |||
3 = 3 | |||
4 = 4 | |||
Habitat fragmentation | HF (from MSPA categories) | 1–4 | 1–1.25 = 1 |
1–1.50 = 2 | |||
1–1.75 = 3 | |||
1.75–2 = 4 |
Discrete Variable | Definition | Slope Range in % Rise |
---|---|---|
1 | Very gentle | <5 |
2 | Gentle | 5–15 |
3 | Steep | >15–30 |
4 | Very steep | >30 |
Discrete Variable | Definition | Range |
---|---|---|
1 | Low | <4 |
2 | Moderate | 4–8 |
3 | High | >8 |
Discrete variable | Definition | Range |
---|---|---|
1 | Low | <3 |
2 | Moderate | 3–6 |
3 | High | >6 |
Slope Factor | Level of Protection | Soil Erodibility and Rainfall Erosivity Factor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Moderate | High | ||
Very gentle | Fully protected | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Gentle | Fully protected | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Steep | Fully protected | Moderate | Moderate | High |
Very steep | Fully protected | Moderate | High | High |
Very gentle | Not fully protected | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Gentle | Not fully protected | Moderate | Moderate | High |
Steep | Not fully protected | Moderate | High | High |
Very steep | Not fully protected | Moderate | High | High |
Ecological Regeneration Delay | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ecological Values | Low | Moderate | High | Very High |
Low | Low | Low | Moderate | High |
Moderate | Low | Moderate | High | Very high |
High | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high |
Ecological Vulnerability | Socio-Economic Vulnerability | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Moderate | High | Very High | |
Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High |
Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | High |
High | Moderate | High | High | Very high |
Very high | High | High | Very high | Very high |
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Arrogante-Funes, P.; Bruzón, A.G.; Arrogante-Funes, F.; Ramos-Bernal, R.N.; Vázquez-Jiménez, R. Integration of Vulnerability and Hazard Factors for Landslide Risk Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211987
Arrogante-Funes P, Bruzón AG, Arrogante-Funes F, Ramos-Bernal RN, Vázquez-Jiménez R. Integration of Vulnerability and Hazard Factors for Landslide Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):11987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211987
Chicago/Turabian StyleArrogante-Funes, Patricia, Adrián G. Bruzón, Fátima Arrogante-Funes, Rocío N. Ramos-Bernal, and René Vázquez-Jiménez. 2021. "Integration of Vulnerability and Hazard Factors for Landslide Risk Assessment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 11987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211987