Predictors of Major Depressive Disorder in Older People
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Framework
2.2. Instruments
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Factors Associated with Major Depressive Disorder
3.3. Predictive Factors of Major Depressive Disorder
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Instrument | Description |
---|---|
Sociodemographic questionnaire | Sex (male/female), age, number of years of education, social isolation (lives alone/does not live alone). |
Global Deterioration Scale–GDS [24] | Qualitatively classify the individuals according to the stage of primary degenerative dementia. An overall description of the symptoms and clinical characteristics expected for each stage of dementia is provided in the instrument, and such descriptions are considered when deciding on the most appropriate global level (stage) of cognition and function. |
AB Clinician Depression Screen–ABCDS [25] | Brief version of the Geriatric Depression Scale for clinical use. Five questions with two response options: yes and no. The final score of the scale ranges from 0 to 5, with the respondents with a score equal to, or higher than, 3 showing a high probability of depression. |
Older Americans Resources and Services–OARS [26] | Assess functional capacity in five areas fundamental to the quality of life of the elderly. List of the most frequent problems of older people (e.g., cardiovascular problems, hypertension, diabetes and hearing loss). |
Timed “Up and Go”–TUG [27] | Evaluates the functional mobility of the elderly. In the test, the individual is observed and timed while getting up from an armchair, walking 3 metres, returning, and sitting down again. |
Short- Form Mini Nutritional Assessment-MNA-SF [28] | Nutritional-status screening instrument. Composed of six indicators: decreased food intake, weight loss, mobility, psychological stress or acute illness, neuropsychological problems, and body mass index. The score ranges from 0 to 14, with a higher score indicating a worse nutritional status. |
Handgrip strength | Evaluates handgrip strength using a dynamometer. Four attempts are made, two on each hand, alternately. The final score is the average of the highest values obtained. |
Physical-activity question | Assessing the frequency of one’s physical activity, such as gardening, house/car cleaning, or walking. Isolated question using a 4-point scale, where 1 = more than once a week, 2 = once a week, 3 = one to three times a month and 4 = almost never or never. These points are later aggregated into only two classes: 1 = regularly (more than once a week), and 2 = almost never or never (once a week, one to three times a month, and almost never or never). |
N (%) or Mean (SD) | |
---|---|
Total | 378 |
Sex (female) | 222 (58.7) |
Age (years), mean (standard deviation [SD]) | 74.7 (7.1) |
Years of education, mean (SD) | 3.35 (2.39) |
Marital status | |
Single | 19 (4.9) |
Married | 231 (61.3) |
Divorced/separated | 19 (5.2) |
Widowed | 108 (28.6) |
Living alone (yes) | 63 (16.8) |
Context (urban) | 190 (52.8) |
Informal care support (yes) | 150 (29.8) |
Formal care support (yes) | 90 (23.7) |
Depression | p | ||
---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||
Sociodemographic factors | |||
Sex | <0.001 | ||
Male | 107 (68.6) | 49 (31.4) | |
Female | 92 (41.4) | 130 (58.6) | |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 74.8 (6.9) | 74.7 (7.3) | 0.903 |
Years of education, mean (SD) | 3.68 (2.36) | 2.97 (2.38) | 0.004 |
Marital status | <0.001 | ||
Single | 7 (38.9) | 11 (61.1) | |
Married | 145 (62.8) | 86 (37.2) | |
Divorced/separated | 8 (40.0) | 12 (60.0) | |
Widowed | 38 (35.5) | 69 (64.5) | |
Living alone | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 17 (27.0) | 46 (73.0) | |
No | 181 (58.2) | 130 (41.8) | |
Context | 0.428 | ||
Rural | 93 (54.7) | 77 (45.3) | |
Urban | 96 (50.5) | 94 (49.5) | |
Informal care support | 0.130 | ||
Yes | 72 (48.0) | 78 (52.0) | |
No | 127 (55.9) | 100 (44.1) | |
Formal care support | 0.226 | ||
Yes | 42 (47.2) | 47 (52.8) | |
No | 157 (54.5) | 131 (45.5) | |
Health factors | |||
High blood pressure | 0.569 | ||
Yes | 82 (51.6) | 77 (48.4) | |
No | 27 (56.3) | 21 (43.8) | |
Cardiovascular diseases | 0.189 | ||
Yes | 51 (61.4) | 32 (38.6) | |
No | 55 (51.9) | 51 (48.1) | |
Diabetes | 0.197 | ||
Yes | 47 (58.0) | 34 (42.0) | |
No | 58 (48.7) | 61 (51.3) | |
Cognitive decline (GDS) | 0.055 | ||
Very mild/mild | 166 (55.5) | 133 (44.5) | |
Moderate/moderately severe | 26 (39.4) | 40 (60.6) | |
Severe/very severe | 7 (58.3) | 5 (41.7) | |
Handgrip, mean (SD) | 22.0 (9.3) | 17.8 (8.9) | <0.001 |
TUG, mean (SD) | 16.5 (10.0) | 20.5 (11.8) | 0.001 |
Behavioural factors | |||
MNA, mean (SD) | 11.6 (2.1) | 10.5 (2.4) | <0.001 |
Physical activity | 0.012 | ||
Regularly | 160 (56.3) | 124 (43.7) | |
Almost never/never | 38 (41.3) | 54 (58.7) |
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Sousa, S.; Paúl, C.; Teixeira, L. Predictors of Major Depressive Disorder in Older People. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211894
Sousa S, Paúl C, Teixeira L. Predictors of Major Depressive Disorder in Older People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):11894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211894
Chicago/Turabian StyleSousa, Susana, Constança Paúl, and Laetitia Teixeira. 2021. "Predictors of Major Depressive Disorder in Older People" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 11894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211894