Frailty Related to the Exposure to Particulate Matter and Ozone: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Frailty Measurements
2.3. Air Pollutant Variables
2.4. Other Variables
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Air Pollutants Concentration and Meteorological Data
3.2. Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population
3.3. Association between Particular Matter, Ozone and Frailty
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean | SD | IQR | Percentiles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | 25th | 50th | 75th | Maximum | ||||
Air Pollutants | ||||||||
PM2.5, μg/m3 | 25.3 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 19.0 | 23.5 | 25.0 | 27.1 | 38.2 |
PM10, μg/m3 | 48.0 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 36.8 | 46.7 | 48.7 | 52.1 | 66.3 |
O3, ppb | 28.3 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 19.0 | 24.0 | 27.0 | 31.0 | 45.0 |
Meteorological data | ||||||||
Temperature, °C | 13.4 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 11.7 | 12.6 | 13.0 | 13.6 | 17.0 |
Rainfall, mm | 1131.5 | 257.4 | 241.5 | 766.7 | 991.7 | 1023.4 | 1233.2 | 1734.6 |
Humidity, % | 65.3 | 4.3 | 10.1 | 59.3 | 59.3 | 65.7 | 69.4 | 70.2 |
Wind speed, m/s | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 3.2 |
Sunshine, hours | 6.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.8 |
Variables | Robust | Pre-Frail | Frail | p-Values |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number, N (%) | 835 (28.7) | 1460 (50.1) | 617 (21.2) | |
Age, years | 75.4 ± 3.7 | 76.0 ± 3.9 | 76.8 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
Sex | <0.001 | |||
Male | 480 (57.5) | 679 (46.5) | 227 (36.8) | |
Female | 355 (42.5) | 781 (53.5) | 390 (63.2) | |
Smoking | <0.001 | |||
Never | 453 (54.3) | 898 (61.5) | 425 (68.9) | |
Former | 335 (40.1) | 482 (33.0) | 149 (24.1) | |
Current | 47 (5.7) | 80 (5.5) | 43 (7.0) | |
Alcohol intake | <0.001 | |||
Never/Less than one time per week | 515 (61.7) | 1055 (72.3) | 478 (77.5) | |
More than one time per week | 320 (38.3) | 405 (27.7) | 139 (22.5) | |
Physical activity, kcal/week | <0.001 | |||
Active | 753 (90.2) | 1190 (81.5) | 402 (65.2) | |
Inactive | 82 (9.8) | 270 (18.5) | 215 (34.8) | |
Education, years | <0.001 | |||
<9 | 284 (34.0) | 696 (47.7) | 413 (66.9) | |
≥9 | 551 (66.0) | 764 (52.3) | 204 (33.1) | |
Marital status | <0.001 | |||
Married/with partner | 633 (75.8) | 974 (66.7) | 376 (60.9) | |
Divorced/widowed/unmarried | 202 (24.2) | 486 (33.3) | 241 (39.1) | |
Household income, won/month | <0.001 | |||
<1,000,000 | 286 (34.3) | 644 (44.1) | 360 (58.3) | |
≥1,000,000 | 549 (65.7) | 816 (55.9) | 257 (41.7) | |
Residential area | <0.001 | |||
Urban | 263 (31.5) | 423 (29.0) | 122 (19.8) | |
Suburban | 357 (42.8) | 600 (41.1) | 263 (42.6) | |
Rural | 215 (25.7) | 437 (29.9) | 232 (37.6) | |
Current employment | 0.072 | |||
Yes | 200 (24.0) | 408 (27.9) | 152 (24.6) | |
No | 635 (76.0) | 1052 (72.1) | 465 (75.4) | |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.5 ± 2.8 | 24.5 ± 3.0 | 24.1 ± 3.4 | 0.013 |
Carlson’s comorbidity index | 3.17 ± 0.37 | 3.24 ± 0.43 | 3.29 ± 0.42 | <0.001 |
Pollutants | ORs (95% CIs) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
Robust vs. Frail | ||||
PM2.5 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.055 (1.002,1.112) | 1.065 (0.974,1.165) | 0.81 (0.702,0.962) |
PM10 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.095 (1.060,1.131) | 1.106 (1.056,1.158) | 1.188 (1.093,1.290) |
O3 | 1 ppb | 1.041 (1.023,1.059) | 1.093 (1.031,1.160) | 1.021 (0.953,1.094) |
PM2.5 | 1 SD | 1.326 (1.154,1.524) | 1.209 (0.923,1.583) | 0.554 (0.345,0.890) |
PM10 | 1 SD | 1.574 (1.337,1.853) | 1.655 (1.314,2.083) | 2.364 (1.563,3.575) |
O3 | 1 SD | 1.271 (1.146,1.410) | 1.709 (1.202,2.431) | 1.133 (0.751,1.710) |
Robust vs. pre-frail | ||||
PM2.5 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.053 (1.017,1.090) | 1.030 (0.970,1.094) | 0.802 (0.717,0.898) |
PM10 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.062 (1.037,1.087) | 1.072 (1.040,1.105) | 1.168 (1.104,1.236) |
O3 | 1 ppb | 1.005 (0.985,1.025) | 1.057 (1.015,1.101) | 0.999 (0.953,1.047) |
PM2.5 | 1 SD | 1.167 (1.052,1.294) | 1.093 (0.912,1.310) | 0.516 (0.368,0.724) |
PM10 | 1 SD | 1.348 (1.198,1.518) | 1.414 (1.216,1.645) | 2.175 (1.642,2.882) |
O3 | 1 SD | 1.029 (0.912,1.161)) | 1.395 (1.093,1.781) | 0.992 (0.748,1.315) |
Non-frail vs. frail | ||||
PM2.5 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.051 (1.014,1.090) | 1.039 (0.968,1.116) | 0.905 (0.797,1.028) |
PM10 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.052 (1.024,1.080) | 1.058 (1.019,1.098) | 1.098 (1.027,1.173) |
O3 | 1 ppb | 1.024 (1.002,1.048) | 1.051 (1.001,1.102) | 1.017 (0.962,1.074) |
PM2.5 | 1 SD | 1.162 (1.043,1.294) | 1.123 (0.908,1.388) | 0.742 (0.506,1.087) |
PM10 | 1 SD | 1.287 (1.128,1.468) | 1.324 (1.100,1.593) | 1.593 (1.142,2.223) |
O3 | 1 SD | 1.155 (1.010,1.322) | 1.344 (1.007,1.793) | 1.104 (0.793,1.536) |
Pollutant | Weight Loss | Poor Health Status | Fatigue | Lack of Energy | Lower Social Network | Lower Social Support |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 0.929 (0.841,1.026) | 1.077 (1.012,1.145) | 0.998 (0.933,1.067) | 0.984 (0.927,1.044) | 1.098 (1.023,1.178) | 1.013 (0.932,1.102) |
PM10 | 1.013 (0.966,1.063) | 1.045 (1.014,1.078) | 1.037 (1.004,1.072) | 1.037 (1.007,1.067) | 1.079 (1.041,1.119) | 1.024 (0.972,1.078) |
O3 | 1.117 (1.034,1.205) | 0.997 (0.957,1.038) | 1.075 (1.026,1.126) | 1.064 (1.022,1.108) | 0.977 (0.928,1.028) | 0.922 (0.868,0.978) |
Pollutant | FFP * | FI | KFI | SOF Frailty Index |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 1.544 (0.602,3.960) | 1.711 (0.671,1.359) | 0.661 (0.224,1.950) | 0.784 (0.202,3.041) |
PM10 | 1.689 (1.066,2.676) | 1.516 (0.950,2.418) | 0.923 (0.544,1.567) | 1.253 (0.625,2.510) |
O3 | 1.888 (0.971,3.670) | 0.969 (0.475,1.977) | 0.895 (0.436,1.836) | 4.367 (1.451,13.139) |
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Shin, J.; Choi, J. Frailty Related to the Exposure to Particulate Matter and Ozone: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211796
Shin J, Choi J. Frailty Related to the Exposure to Particulate Matter and Ozone: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):11796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211796
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Jinyoung, and Jaekyung Choi. 2021. "Frailty Related to the Exposure to Particulate Matter and Ozone: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 11796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211796
APA StyleShin, J., & Choi, J. (2021). Frailty Related to the Exposure to Particulate Matter and Ozone: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 11796. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211796