How Does Psychological Distress Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Internet Addiction and Instagram Addiction in Emerging Adults?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Psychopathological Risk Due to the COVID-19 Outbreak in Emerging Adults
1.2. The Role of Alexithymia and Its Complex Interplay with Psychological Distress Due to COVID-19, and Internet and Instagram Addiction
1.3. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analyses
3.2. Assessing Sex Differences
3.3. Assessing Alexithymia and Internet and Instagram Addiction, Based on Different Severities of Peritraumatic Distress Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.4. Assessing the Mediating Role of Peritraumatic Distress Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Relationship between Alexithymia and Internet Addiction
3.5. Assessing the Mediating Role of Peritraumatic Distress Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Relationship between Alexithymia and Instagram Addiction
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CDPI | TAS-20 Tot | IAT | BIAS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Level of education | ||||
Primary school (n = 1) | 49 | 71 | 3 | 13 |
Middle school (n = 11) | 37.82 (15.48) | 58.73 (13.67) | 28.64 (15.82) | 13.64 (4.63) |
High school (n = 164) | 39.77 (15.86) | 54.07 (12.03) | 26.02 (13.7) | 12.93 (6.08) |
College (n = 224) | 34.6 (13.02) | 47.65 (12.55) | 21.96(11.79) | 11.59 (5.29) |
Employment | ||||
Unemployed (n = 22) | 38.91 (15.54) | 54.45 (11.63) | 28.14 (9.96) | 14 (5.54) |
Student (n = 218) | 38.68 (14.57) | 50.83 (13.19) | 24.37 (13.24) | 12.61 (5.64) |
Part-time worker (n = 21) | 37.86 (16.65) | 52.14 (8.97) | 22.33 (9.87) | 10.67 (4.6) |
Full-time worker (n = 64) | 32.19 (12.33) | 50.77 (12.09) | 21.2 (11.41) | 11.14 (5.16) |
Working student (n = 75) | 34.61 (14.27) | 48.47 (13.51) | 23.28 (14.28) | 11.81 (6.14) |
Living with | ||||
Alone (n = 17) | 25.41 (14.19) | 48.76 (10.48) | 19.76 (12.44) | 11.12 (5.19) |
Roommates (n = 45) | 34.91 (11.89) | 47.49 (12.81) | 24.36 (10.13) | 12.73 (5.22) |
Spouse (n = 30) | 31.7 (14.26) | 43.43 (10.73) | 20.57 (9.98) | 10.27 (5.01) |
Parents (n = 308) | 38.26 (14.53) | 51.91 (12.86) | 24.20 (13.48) | 12.37 (5.75) |
Hours Per Day | Before the Pandemic | Since the Beginning of the Pandemic |
---|---|---|
Entertainment | ||
No use | 1 | 1 |
<2 h per day | 95 | 41 |
2–4 h per day | 157 | 102 |
4–6 h per day | 58 | 104 |
>6 h per day | 18 | 78 |
Study and/or work activities | ||
No use | 23 | 9 |
<2 h per day | 138 | 39 |
2–4 h per day | 82 | 65 |
4–6 h per day | 52 | 88 |
>6 h per day | 34 | 124 |
Psychological Variables | Males | Females | F(1,399) | Partial Eta Squared | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CDPI | 32.54 (14.09) | 38.69 (14.31) | 15.66 | 0.038 | <0.001 |
TAS-20 F1 | 14.66 (4.08) | 14.26 (4.62) | 0.66 | 0.002 | 0.415 |
TAS-20 F2 | 18.73 (6.75) | 18.58 (6.78) | 0.04 | 0.000 | 0.834 |
TAS-20 F3 | 18.88 (4.14) | 17.11 (4.42) | 13.88 | 0.034 | <0.001 |
TAS-20 Tot | 52.26 (12.38) | 49.95 (12.97) | 2.73 | 0.007 | 0.099 |
IAT | 26.95 (13.86) | 22.39 (12.23) | 10.75 | 0.026 | 0.001 |
BIAS | 12.12 (5.92) | 12.24 (5.52) | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.857 |
Psychological Variables | No Distress (n = 106) | Mild to Moderate Distress (n = 223) | Severe Distress (n = 71) | F (2,396) | Partial Eta Squared | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TAS-20 F1 | 12.20 (4.53) a | 14.91 (4.24) b | 15.96 (3.91) b | 22.34 | 0.101 | <0.001 |
TAS-20 F2 | 14.62 (6.24) a | 18.60 (5.84) b | 24.68 (5.67) c | 64.69 | 0.246 | <0.001 |
TAS-20 F3 | 16.81 (4.53) a | 17.82 (4.22) b | 18.31 (4.68) b | 5.11 | 0.025 | 0.006 |
TAS-20 Tot | 43.62 (12.84) a | 51.34 (11.63) b | 58.94 (10.76) c | 42.08 | 0.175 | <0.001 |
IAT | 19.24 (12.34) a | 23.52 (11.58) b | 31.27 (14.35) c | 26.78 | 0.119 | <0.001 |
BIAS | 9.81 (4.22) a | 12.14 (5.07) b | 15.97 (7.04) c | 29.79 | 0.131 | <0.001 |
Psychological Variables | TAS-20 Tot | CDPI | IAT | BIAS |
---|---|---|---|---|
TAS-20 Tot | 1 | 0.45 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.35 ** |
CDPI | 0.45 ** | 1 | 0.35 ** | 0.40 ** |
IAT | 0.43 ** | 0.35 ** | 1 | 0.54 ** |
BIAS | 0.35 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.54 ** | 1 |
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Ballarotto, G.; Marzilli, E.; Cerniglia, L.; Cimino, S.; Tambelli, R. How Does Psychological Distress Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Internet Addiction and Instagram Addiction in Emerging Adults? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111382
Ballarotto G, Marzilli E, Cerniglia L, Cimino S, Tambelli R. How Does Psychological Distress Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Internet Addiction and Instagram Addiction in Emerging Adults? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111382
Chicago/Turabian StyleBallarotto, Giulia, Eleonora Marzilli, Luca Cerniglia, Silvia Cimino, and Renata Tambelli. 2021. "How Does Psychological Distress Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Internet Addiction and Instagram Addiction in Emerging Adults?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111382
APA StyleBallarotto, G., Marzilli, E., Cerniglia, L., Cimino, S., & Tambelli, R. (2021). How Does Psychological Distress Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Internet Addiction and Instagram Addiction in Emerging Adults? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111382