Community-Based Rehabilitation Indicators: Validation and Preliminary Evidence for Disability in Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Assessment Tool
2.2. Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation
2.3. Sampling, Procedure, and Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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People with Disabilities | People without Disabilities | t-Student | |
---|---|---|---|
Age mean (SD) | 42 (14.26) | 38 (13.12) | 0.070 |
Gender | |||
Female | 16 | 64 | |
Male | 24 | 130 | |
Total | 40 | 194 | 0.396 |
Regional Location | |||
Northern Italy | 0 | 12 | |
Central Italy | 33 | 78 | |
Southern Italy | 7 | 64 |
Component | ICC | Lower Bound | Upper Bound |
---|---|---|---|
Health | 0.744 | 0.694 | 0.789 |
Education | 0.723 | 0.697 | 0.749 |
Livelihood | 0.739 | 0.647 | 0.754 |
Social | 0.882 | 0.859 | 0.903 |
Empowerment | 0.796 | 0.756 | 0.833 |
Questions | Without Disabilities n = 194 Mean (SD) | With Disabilities n = 40 Mean (SD) | Mean Difference | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H01. In general, how would you rate your health today? | 1.72 (0.64) | 3.25 (0.54) | −1.528 | −14.094 | 0.000 * |
H02. On your last visit to a health-care provider, to what extent were you satisfied with the level of respect you were treated with? | 3.22 (1.13) | 2.90 (0.95) | 0.316 | 1.646 | 0.101 |
E01. What is the highest level of education you have achieved, or are working to achieve? | 5.54 (1.28) | 4.70 (1.47) | 0.836 | 3.646 | 0.000 * |
L02. Do you have enough money to meet your needs? | 2.79 (0.85) | 2.65 (0.58) | 0.144 | 1.020 | 0.309 |
S01. Do you feel that other people respect you? For example, do you feel that others value you as a person and listen to what you have to say? | 3.26 (0.89) | 2.80 (1.04) | 0.458 | 2.871 | 0.004 * |
M01. Do you get to make the big decisions in your life? For example, deciding who to live with, where to live, or how to spend your money? | 3.98 (1.04) | 2.95 (1.03) | 1.029 | 5.667 | 0.000 * |
H03. Has your (doctor, CBR worker, or any other health professional) ever discussed with you the benefits of eating a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical exercise, or not smoking? | 1.15 (0.36) | 1.05 (0.22) | 0.105 | 1.758 | 0.080 |
H04. When was the last time you had a regular health check-up? | 1.38 (0.71) | 1.30 (0.96) | 0.081 | 0.617 | 0.538 |
H05. In the last 12 months, has there been a time when you needed health care but did not get that care? | 2.26 (0.73) | 1.65 (0.73) | 0.608 | 4.745 | 0.000 * |
H07. On your last visit to a health-care provider, to what extent were you involved in making decisions for your treatment? | 2.94 (1.37) | 2.90 (1.00) | 0.038 | 0.167 | 0.868 |
H08. In the last 12 months, has there been a time when you needed rehabilitation services, such as physical, occupational, or speech therapy, but did not get those services? | 2.70 (0.69) | 2.20 (0.75) | 0.501 | 4.097 | 0.000 * |
E04. Do you participate in learning opportunities to improve your skills for everyday life or work? | 1.30 (0.61) | 1.55 (0.54) | −251 | −2.423 | 0.016 * |
E05. To what extent does it fit your needs? | 2.42 (1.44) | 1.60 (1.51) | 0.823 | 3.250 | 0.001 * |
L03. Do you get to decide how to use your money? | 4.23 (1.00) | 3.05 (1.17) | 1.177 | 6.556 | 0.000 * |
L04. Do you know how to get financial services such as credit, insurance, grants, savings programs? | 1.11 (0.62) | 1.05 (0.81) | 0.063 | 0.552 | 0.581 |
L05. Do you currently benefit from any social protection program, such as loss of income through old age, sickness, or disability? | 1.48 (0.88) | 1.20 (0.75) | 0.285 | 1.887 | 0.060 |
L06. Do you know how to get social protection against loss of income resulting from old age, sickness, or disability? | 1.97 (0.45) | 1.55 (0.54) | 0.419 | 5.112 | 0.000 * |
S02. Do you get to make decisions about the personal assistance that you need (who assists you, what type of assistance, when to get assistance)? | 3.47 (1.59) | 3.20 (1.26) | 0.274 | 1.025 | 0.306 |
S03. Do you get to make your own decisions about your personal relationships, such as friends and family? | 4.31 (1.19) | 3.25 (1.27) | 1.059 | 5.032 | 0.000 * |
S04. Do you get to participate in artistic, cultural, or religious activities? | 3.43 (1.41) | 2.15 (1.36) | 1.283 | 5.266 | 0.000 * |
S05. Do you get to participate in community recreational, leisure, and sports activities? | 3.37 (1.38) | 2.15 (1.54) | 1.221 | 4.981 | 0.000 * |
S06. To what extent do you know your legal rights? | 2.95 (0.94) | 2.65 (0.80) | 0.298 | 1.858 | 0.064 |
S07. Do you know how to access the justice system? | 1.12 (0.80) | 1.20 (0.68) | −0.076 | −0.559 | 0.577 |
M02. Do you think that the policies in your country provide people with disabilities equal rights to those of other people? | 2.01 (0.89) | 1.95 (1.08) | 0.060 | 0.374 | 0.709 |
M03. Are you satisfied with your ability to persuade people of your views and interests? | 2.90 (0.96) | 2.05 (1.03) | 0.847 | 5.010 | 0.000 * |
M04. Do you get to influence the way your community is run? | 2.01 (1.10) | 1.55 (0.74) | 0.460 | 2.524 | 0.012 * |
M05. Did you vote in the last election? | 1.05 (0.26) | 1.05 (0.38) | 0.002 | 0.031 | 0.975 |
M07. To what extent do you feel Disabled People’s Organizations adequately represent your concerns and priorities? | 2.24 (1.30) | 2.30 (1.10) | −0.063 | −0.288 | 0.774 |
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Tofani, M.; Esposito, G.; Berardi, A.; Galeoto, G.; Iorio, S.; Marceca, M. Community-Based Rehabilitation Indicators: Validation and Preliminary Evidence for Disability in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111256
Tofani M, Esposito G, Berardi A, Galeoto G, Iorio S, Marceca M. Community-Based Rehabilitation Indicators: Validation and Preliminary Evidence for Disability in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111256
Chicago/Turabian StyleTofani, Marco, Giuseppina Esposito, Anna Berardi, Giovanni Galeoto, Silvia Iorio, and Maurizio Marceca. 2021. "Community-Based Rehabilitation Indicators: Validation and Preliminary Evidence for Disability in Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111256