Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumers’ Impulse Buying: The Moderating Role of Moderate Thinking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses
2.1. Impulse Buying
2.2. COVID-19 Pandemic and Impulse Buying
2.3. Mediating Role of Sense of Control and Anxiety
2.4. The Moderating Effect of Moderate Thinking
3. Overview of Studies
4. Study 1
4.1. Method
4.2. Results and Discussion
5. Study 2
5.1. Method
5.2. Results
5.3. Discussion
6. Study 3
6.1. Method
6.2. Results
6.3. Discussion
7. General Discussion
7.1. Theoretical and Practical Implications
7.2. Research Limitations and Future
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Measurement
Appendix B. Reliability and Validity
Variable Name | Mean | SD | Min | Max | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Sense of Control | 4.59 | 1.61 | 1 | 7 | 0.88 | ||
2. Anxiety | 3.52 | 1.78 | 1 | 7 | −0.69 *** | 0.91 | |
4. Impulse Buying | 4.17 | 1.58 | 1 | 7 | −0.53 *** | 0.53 *** | 0.86 |
Variable Name | Mean | SD | Min | Max | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Sense of Control | 4.67 | 1.26 | 1 | 7 | 0.77 | |||
2. Anxiety | 3.45 | 1.49 | 1 | 7 | −0.74 *** | 0.88 | ||
3. Moderate Thinking | 5.61 | 0.96 | 1.31 | 7 | 0.21 *** | −0.12 * | 0.84 | |
4. Impulse Buying | 4.02 | 1.35 | 1 | 7 | −0.41 *** | 0.42 *** | −0.07 | 0.77 |
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Model: | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable: | Sense of Control | Anxiety | Impulse Buying | Impulse Buying | Impulse Buying | Impulse Buying |
Gender | −0.18 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.13 |
(0.14) | (0.17) | (0.18) | (0.17) | (0.17) | (0.17) | |
Age | −0.06 | −0.15 | −0.35 ** | −0.37 ** | −0.29 * | −0.33 ** |
(0.10) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.12) | |
Edu | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.00 | 0.02 |
(0.07) | (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.10) | (0.09) | (0.09) | |
COVID-19 pandemic | −1.59 *** | 1.76 *** | 0.62 *** | −0.13 | −0.01 | −0.27 |
(0.13) | (0.17) | (0.18) | (0.21) | (0.21) | (0.22) | |
Moderate thinking | 0.36) *** | −0.33 *** | −0.16 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.03 |
(0.08) | (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.09) | |
COVID-19 pandemic | 0.41 ** | −0.74 *** | −0.52 ** | −0.33* | −0.26 | −0.23 |
×Moderate thinking | (0.15) | (0.16) | (0.18) | (0.16) | (0.18) | (0.16) |
Sense of control | −0.47 *** | −0.32 ** | ||||
(0.10) | (0.12) | |||||
Anxiety | 0.36 *** | 0.21 * | ||||
(0.08) | (0.10) | |||||
Constant | 4.86 *** | 3.48 *** | 4.52 *** | 6.83 *** | 3.27 *** | 5.35 *** |
(0.51) | (0.62) | (0.68) | (0.75) | (0.69) | (0.97) | |
R2 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.25 |
VIF | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.30 | 1.04 | 1.24 | 1.59 |
N | 201 | 201 | 201 | 201 | 201 | 201 |
Moderator | Coef. of the Indirect Effect | Bootstrap Std. Err. | z | p-Value | Normal-Based [95% Conf. Interval] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path a: COVID-19 pandemic→Sense of control→Impulse buying | |||||||
Low | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.942 | −0.16 | 0.17 | (P) |
−0.14 | 0.19 | (BC) | |||||
Medium | −0.18 ** | 0.05 | −3.46 | 0.001 | −0.29 | −0.09 | (P) |
−0.30 | −0.10 | (BC) | |||||
High | −0.36 ** | 0.11 | −3.41 | 0.001 | −0.58 | −0.16 | (P) |
−0.62 | −0.18 | (BC) | |||||
Path b: COVID-19 pandemic→Anxiety→Impulse buying | |||||||
Low | 0.14 * | 0.07 | 2.02 | 0.044 | 0.03 | 0.29 | (P) |
0.04 | 0.32 | (BC) | |||||
Medium | −0.12 ** | 0.04 | −3.15 | 0.002 | −0.19 | −0.05 | (P) |
−0.21 | −0.06 | (BC) | |||||
High | −0.37 *** | 0.10 | −3.66 | 0.000 | −0.58 | −0.18 | (P) |
−0.58 | −0.18 | (BC) |
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Wang, S.; Liu, Y.; Du, Y.; Wang, X. Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumers’ Impulse Buying: The Moderating Role of Moderate Thinking. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111116
Wang S, Liu Y, Du Y, Wang X. Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumers’ Impulse Buying: The Moderating Role of Moderate Thinking. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111116
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Shuyang, Yun Liu, Yingying Du, and Xingyuan Wang. 2021. "Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumers’ Impulse Buying: The Moderating Role of Moderate Thinking" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111116