Changes in Alcoholic Beverage Choice and Risky Drinking among Adolescents in Europe 1999–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Beverage Choice with Multinomial Logit Regression
3.2. Clusters of Country-Specific-Trends in Beverage Choice
3.3. Differences in Indicators of Drinking between Clusters
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Country | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulgaria | – | 2666 | 2353 | 2217 | 2922 | 2864 |
Croatia | 3555 | 2852 | 3008 | 3002 | 2558 | 2772 |
Cyprus | – | 2142 | 6340 | 4243 | 2098 | 1224 |
Czech Republic | 3543 | 3149 | 3901 | 3913 | 2738 | 2778 |
Denmark | 1546 | 2504 | 877 | 2181 | 1670 | 2488 |
Estonia | – | 2431 | 2372 | 2460 | 2452 | 2520 |
Finland | 3003 | 3219 | 4988 | 3744 | 4049 | 4594 |
Germany | – | 4219 | 5011 | 2796 | 862 | 1459 |
Greece | 2195 | 1891 | 3060 | 5908 | 3202 | 5988 |
Hungary | 2726 | 3109 | 2817 | 3063 | 2735 | 2423 |
Iceland | 3457 | 3313 | 3510 | 3333 | 2663 | 2534 |
Italy | 4073 | 4818 | 9981 | 4837 | 4059 | 2542 |
Latvia | 2296 | 2816 | – | 2622 | 1119 | 2743 |
Lithuania | – | 5028 | 2411 | 2476 | 2573 | 2393 |
Malta | 3635 | 3443 | 3668 | 3377 | 3326 | 3043 |
Netherlands | 2613 | 2068 | 2091 | 2044 | 1684 | 1288 |
Norway | 3753 | 3745 | 3482 | 2938 | 2584 | 4313 |
Poland | 3269 | 5842 | 2120 | 5934 | 11,822 | 5047 |
Portugal | 3577 | 2919 | 3141 | 1965 | 3456 | 4365 |
Romania | 2368 | 4323 | 2289 | 2770 | 3500 | 3764 |
Slovak Republic | 2437 | 2122 | 2468 | 2009 | 2208 | 2258 |
Slovenia | 2347 | 2758 | 3085 | 3186 | 3484 | 3413 |
Sweden | 3271 | 3212 | 3179 | 2569 | 2551 | 2546 |
Ukraine | 2958 | 4114 | 2447 | 2210 | 2350 | 2731 |
Country | Prevalence of Drinkers | Mean Consumption | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 | |
Bulgaria | – | 80% | 84% | 87% | 86% | 81% | – | 3.49 | 4.20 | 3.88 | 4.22 | 3.66 |
Croatia | 80% | 88% | 86% | 88% | 85% | 81% | 4.28 | 5.31 | 4.97 | 5.41 | 4.61 | 4.93 |
Cyprus | – | 85% | 65% | 85% | 84% | 78% | – | 5.23 | 3.16 | 4.30 | 4.28 | 3.67 |
Czech Republic | 91% | 94% | 94% | 93% | 93% | 91% | 4.74 | 5.07 | 5.14 | 5.00 | 4.74 | 4.72 |
Denmark | 95% | 94% | 92% | 92% | 90% | 88% | 6.45 | 7.67 | 6.89 | 7.90 | 7.94 | 6.38 |
Estonia | – | 92% | 92% | 93% | 85% | 80% | 6.46 | 5.47 | 5.87 | 4.50 | 4.11 | 6.46 |
Finland | 90% | 84% | 81% | 80% | 69% | 67% | 7.07 | 6.32 | 6.02 | 6.09 | 5.05 | 4.73 |
Germany | – | 91% | 92% | 81% | 79% | 83% | – | 6.96 | 4.74 | 4.68 | 4.65 | 4.32 |
Greece | 92% | 93% | 88% | 90% | 91% | 86% | 3.07 | 4.34 | 3.10 | 3.71 | 2.98 | 3.09 |
Hungary | 76% | 84% | 87% | 91% | 89% | 88% | 2.47 | 3.62 | 3.68 | 4.19 | 4.04 | 4.25 |
Iceland | 78% | 72% | 63% | 49% | 30% | 31% | 6.08 | 6.57 | 5.72 | 3.57 | 3.47 | 3.43 |
Italy | 80% | 81% | 85% | 82% | 81% | 80% | 2.75 | 3.38 | 4.09 | 3.95 | 4.16 | 4.35 |
Latvia | 82% | 86% | – | 89% | 78% | 82% | 2.90 | 4.48 | – | 4.61 | 4.21 | 3.62 |
Lithuania | – | 96% | 91% | 93% | 81% | 69% | – | 5.74 | 4.35 | 4.44 | 3.28 | 2.33 |
Malta | 91% | 89% | 88% | 86% | 82% | 77% | 4.50 | 5.00 | 3.39 | 3.35 | 2.91 | 3.07 |
Netherlands | 75% | 66% | 88% | 82% | 67% | 68% | 5.11 | 5.90 | 5.17 | 5.52 | 5.38 | 6.07 |
Norway | 82% | 80% | 74% | 66% | 55% | 49% | 5.25 | 7.41 | 7.06 | 6.20 | 5.19 | 4.59 |
Poland | 80% | 81% | 81% | 81% | 76% | 75% | 4.73 | 5.18 | 4.19 | 4.65 | 4.24 | 4.11 |
Portugal | 71% | 63% | 73% | 80% | 67% | 62% | 3.22 | 3.09 | 2.10 | 2.52 | 2.44 | 2.86 |
Romania | 82% | 87% | 79% | 75% | 67% | 73% | 2.98 | 4.59 | 3.41 | 3.29 | 2.81 | 2.77 |
Slovak Republic | 87% | 88% | 89% | 87% | 86% | 87% | 3.01 | 3.55 | 3.67 | 3.87 | 3.87 | 4.11 |
Slovenia | 85% | 86% | 91% | 89% | 84% | 79% | 4.35 | 4.82 | 4.99 | 4.77 | 3.92 | 3.78 |
Sweden | 84% | 79% | 75% | 68% | 57% | 51% | 6.05 | 5.80 | 5.57 | 5.67 | 4.65 | 3.34 |
Ukraine | 85% | 84% | 82% | 86% | 70% | 82% | 3.46 | 3.52 | 3.89 | 3.70 | 3.43 | 5.10 |
Country | Coefficient | SE | Country | Coefficient | SE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulgaria | spirits | −0.191 *** | −0.047 | Latvia | spirits | −0.245 *** | −0.027 |
beer | −0.511 *** | −0.037 | beer | −0.357 *** | −0.021 | ||
wine | 0.04 | −0.045 | wine | −0.338 *** | −0.024 | ||
Croatia | spirits | 0.247 *** | −0.024 | Lithuania | spirits | 0.493 *** | −0.038 |
beer | 0.121 *** | −0.025 | beer | 0.061 ** | −0.030 | ||
wine | 0.200 *** | −0.024 | wine | 0.290 *** | −0.024 | ||
Cyprus | spirits | −0.497 *** | −0.067 | Malta | spirits | −0.280 *** | −0.028 |
beer | −0.584 *** | −0.084 | beer | −0.332 *** | −0.026 | ||
wine | −0.482 *** | −0.070 | wine | −0.334 *** | −0.023 | ||
Czech Rep. | spirits | −0.545 *** | −0.030 | Netherlands | spirits | −0.947 *** | −0.057 |
beer | −0.523 *** | −0.026 | beer | −0.623 *** | −0.042 | ||
wine | −0.513 *** | −0.030 | wine | −0.241*** | −0.029 | ||
Denmark | spirits | 0.122 * | −0.065 | Norway | spirits | 0.151 *** | −0.033 |
beer | −0.201 ** | −0.081 | beer | −0.091 *** | −0.027 | ||
wine | 0.212 *** | −0.078 | wine | −0.080 ** | −0.034 | ||
Estonia | spirits | 0.029 | −0.029 | Poland | spirits | −0.180 *** | −0.040 |
beer | −0.159 *** | −0.032 | beer | −0.301 *** | −0.038 | ||
wine | 0.052 ** | −0.024 | wine | −0.268 *** | −0.039 | ||
Finland | spirits | 0.035 | −0.024 | Portugal | spirits | −0.100 *** | −0.019 |
beer | −0.127 *** | −0.017 | beer | −0.124 *** | −0.024 | ||
wine | 0.0315 | −0.021 | wine | 0.085 *** | −0.028 | ||
Germany | spirits | 0.029 | −0.035 | Romania | spirits | 0.912 *** | −0.049 |
beer | 0.134 *** | −0.028 | beer | 0.522 *** | −0.037 | ||
wine | 0.000 | −0.032 | wine | 0.692 *** | −0.039 | ||
Greece | spirits | −0.014 | −0.025 | Slovak Republic | spirits | −0.391 *** | −0.028 |
beer | 0.049 * | −0.027 | beer | −0.341 *** | −0.030 | ||
wine | 0.095 *** | −0.023 | wine | −0.467 *** | −0.028 | ||
Hungary | spirits | −0.319 *** | −0.031 | Slovenia | spirits | 0.040 | −0.023 |
beer | −0.081 *** | −0.025 | beer | −0.027 | −0.023 | ||
wine | −0.100 *** | −0.023 | wine | −0.089 *** | −0.023 | ||
Iceland | spirits | −0.107 *** | −0.034 | Sweden | spirits | −0.018 | −0.027 |
beer | −0.284 *** | −0.02 | beer | −0.327 *** | −0.021 | ||
wine | −0.086 ** | −0.037 | wine | −0.268 *** | −0.025 | ||
Italy | spirits | −0.701 *** | −0.033 | Ukraine | spirits | −0.413 *** | −0.038 |
beer | −0.359 *** | −0.024 | beer | −0.059 *** | −0.018 | ||
wine | −0.383 *** | −0.028 | wine | 0.043 ** | −0.017 |
Country | Coefficient | SE | Country | Coefficient | SE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulgaria | spirits | −0.122 ** | −0.054 | Latvia | spirits | −0.159 *** | −0.033 |
beer | −0.498 *** | −0.035 | beer | −0.315 *** | −0.023 | ||
wine | −0.241 *** | −0.043 | wine | −0.277 *** | −0.029 | ||
Croatia | spirits | 0.072 ** | −0.028 | Lithuania | spirits | 0.471 *** | −0.036 |
beer | −0.017 | −0.023 | beer | 0.124 *** | −0.024 | ||
wine | 0.011 | −0.024 | wine | 0.250 *** | −0.029 | ||
Cyprus | spirits | −0.587 *** | −0.055 | Malta | spirits | −0.123 *** | −0.026 |
beer | −0.545 *** | −0.045 | beer | −0.250 *** | −0.021 | ||
wine | −0.577 *** | −0.053 | wine | −0.267 *** | −0.025 | ||
Czech Rep. | spirits | −0.435 *** | −0.031 | Netherlands | spirits | −0.703 *** | −0.057 |
beer | −0.555 *** | −0.027 | beer | −0.440 *** | −0.028 | ||
wine | −0.489 *** | −0.032 | wine | −0.381 *** | −0.052 | ||
Denmark | spirits | 0.231 *** | −0.058 | Norway | spirits | 0.223 *** | −0.032 |
beer | 0.031 | −0.044 | beer | 0.105 *** | −0.024 | ||
wine | 0.190 *** | −0.068 | wine | 0.020 | −0.037 | ||
Estonia | spirits | 0.018 | −0.029 | Poland | spirits | −0.188 *** | −0.043 |
beer | −0.156 *** | −0.022 | beer | −0.300 *** | −0.04 | ||
wine | 0.003 | −0.025 | wine | −0.285 *** | −0.041 | ||
Finland | spirits | 0.025 | −0.028 | Portugal | spirits | −0.034 * | −0.02 |
beer | 0.004 | −0.016 | beer | −0.069 *** | −0.019 | ||
wine | 0.026 | −0.025 | wine | 0.074 *** | −0.027 | ||
Germany | spirits | 0.059 | −0.045 | Romania | spirits | 0.952 *** | −0.051 |
beer | 0.096 *** | −0.035 | beer | 0.658 *** | −0.039 | ||
wine | −0.038 | −0.046 | wine | 0.701 *** | −0.041 | ||
Greece | spirits | 0.049 * | −0.026 | Slovak Republic | spirits | −0.376 *** | −0.039 |
beer | 0.057 ** | −0.026 | beer | −0.405 *** | −0.035 | ||
wine | 0.010 | −0.023 | wine | −0.540 *** | −0.039 | ||
Hungary | spirits | −0.222 *** | −0.032 | Slovenia | spirits | 0.140 *** | −0.029 |
beer | −0.116 *** | −0.024 | beer | −0.011 | −0.018 | ||
wine | −0.205 *** | −0.024 | wine | −0.086 *** | −0.02 | ||
Iceland | spirits | 0.011 | −0.031 | Sweden | spirits | −0.012 | −0.024 |
beer | −0.097 *** | −0.023 | beer | −0.186 *** | −0.017 | ||
wine | 0.052 | −0.034 | wine | −0.170 *** | −0.031 | ||
Italy | spirits | −0.507 *** | −0.029 | Ukraine | spirits | −0.434 *** | −0.035 |
beer | −0.285 *** | −0.021 | beer | −0.103 *** | −0.022 | ||
wine | −0.334 *** | −0.025 | wine | −0.008 | −0.022 |
Country | Year | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 | ||
BG | spirits | 0.101 | 0.125 | 0.147 | 0.164 | 0.173 | 0.172 |
−0.015 | −0.013 | −0.010 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.010 | ||
wine | 0.0549 | 0.0853 | 0.127 | 0.178 | 0.237 | 0.297 | |
−0.008 | −0.009 | −0.009 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.012 | ||
beer | 0.785 | 0.702 | 0.600 | 0.487 | 0.372 | 0.269 | |
−0.020 | −0.018 | −0.014 | −0.009 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.0594 | 0.0885 | 0.126 | 0.171 | 0.218 | 0.262 | |
−0.008 | −0.008 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.011 | ||
HR | spirits | 0.156 | 0.173 | 0.190 | 0.208 | 0.226 | 0.245 |
−0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
wine | 0.330 | 0.348 | 0.366 | 0.382 | 0.396 | 0.408 | |
−0.010 | −0.009 | −0.008 | −0.009 | −0.010 | −0.012 | ||
beer | 0.297 | 0.291 | 0.282 | 0.272 | 0.261 | 0.248 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.217 | 0.188 | 0.162 | 0.138 | 0.117 | 0.0991 | |
−0.009 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | ||
CY | spirits | 0.197 | 0.195 | 0.187 | 0.170 | 0.147 | 0.118 |
−0.028 | −0.019 | −0.011 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.012 | ||
wine | 0.232 | 0.233 | 0.226 | 0.210 | 0.183 | 0.149 | |
−0.029 | −0.020 | −0.013 | −0.009 | −0.010 | −0.014 | ||
beer | 0.495 | 0.449 | 0.394 | 0.330 | 0.260 | 0.191 | |
−0.039 | −0.026 | −0.016 | −0.015 | −0.022 | −0.028 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.0756 | 0.123 | 0.193 | 0.290 | 0.410 | 0.542 | |
−0.016 | −0.018 | −0.019 | −0.021 | −0.029 | −0.040 | ||
CZ | spirits | 0.213 | 0.204 | 0.193 | 0.179 | 0.161 | 0.138 |
−0.008 | −0.006 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.006 | ||
wine | 0.385 | 0.381 | 0.372 | 0.356 | 0.330 | 0.293 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
beer | 0.372 | 0.365 | 0.353 | 0.335 | 0.307 | 0.270 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.008 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.030 | 0.050 | 0.082 | 0.130 | 0.202 | 0.299 | |
−0.003 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.011 | ||
DK | spirits | 0.066 | 0.077 | 0.089 | 0.102 | 0.115 | 0.128 |
−0.015 | −0.013 | −0.010 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.012 | ||
wine | 0.045 | 0.058 | 0.074 | 0.093 | 0.114 | 0.139 | |
−0.011 | −0.011 | −0.010 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.013 | ||
beer | 0.317 | 0.270 | 0.227 | 0.188 | 0.153 | 0.124 | |
−0.055 | −0.035 | −0.019 | −0.009 | −0.011 | −0.016 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.572 | 0.595 | 0.610 | 0.618 | 0.617 | 0.609 | |
−0.057 | −0.039 | −0.025 | −0.015 | −0.015 | −0.022 | ||
EE | spirits | 0.108 | 0.111 | 0.115 | 0.117 | 0.120 | 0.122 |
−0.009 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.007 | ||
wine | 0.265 | 0.282 | 0.298 | 0.313 | 0.328 | 0.343 | |
−0.014 | −0.010 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.013 | ||
beer | 0.166 | 0.142 | 0.122 | 0.104 | 0.088 | 0.075 | |
−0.013 | −0.008 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.461 | 0.465 | 0.466 | 0.466 | 0.464 | 0.460 | |
−0.016 | −0.012 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.013 | ||
FI | spirits | 0.093 | 0.099 | 0.104 | 0.110 | 0.115 | 0.121 |
−0.005 | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.008 | ||
wine | 0.137 | 0.145 | 0.153 | 0.160 | 0.167 | 0.175 | |
−0.007 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.009 | ||
beer | 0.258 | 0.233 | 0.209 | 0.187 | 0.167 | 0.149 | |
−0.009 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.007 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.511 | 0.523 | 0.534 | 0.543 | 0.550 | 0.556 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
DE | spirits | 0.102 | 0.101 | 0.101 | 0.099 | 0.098 | 0.096 |
−0.007 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
wine | 0.383 | 0.370 | 0.356 | 0.342 | 0.327 | 0.312 | |
−0.014 | −0.009 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.013 | −0.017 | ||
beer | 0.222 | 0.245 | 0.270 | 0.296 | 0.324 | 0.353 | |
−0.010 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.011 | −−0.015 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.294 | 0.284 | 0.274 | 0.263 | 0.251 | 0.239 | |
−0.014 | −0.009 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.011 | −0.014 | ||
GR | spirits | 0.296 | 0.283 | 0.270 | 0.257 | 0.245 | 0.232 |
−0.012 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.010 | ||
wine | 0.219 | 0.233 | 0.248 | 0.264 | 0.280 | 0.296 | |
−0.008 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.010 | ||
beer | 0.280 | 0.285 | 0.290 | 0.294 | 0.297 | 0.300 | |
−0.012 | −0.009 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.011 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.204 | 0.198 | 0.192 | 0.185 | 0.178 | 0.172 | |
−0.013 | −0.010 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | ||
HU | spirits | 0.368 | 0.313 | 0.263 | 0.218 | 0.178 | 0.144 |
−0.013 | −0.009 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.008 | ||
wine | 0.357 | 0.379 | 0.396 | 0.408 | 0.416 | 0.419 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
beer | 0.147 | 0.158 | 0.169 | 0.177 | 0.184 | 0.189 | |
−0.007 | −0.006 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.128 | 0.150 | 0.173 | 0.197 | 0.222 | 0.247 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.011 | ||
IS | spirits | 0.150 | 0.159 | 0.167 | 0.172 | 0.174 | 0.174 |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.011 | −0.014 | ||
wine | 0.0897 | 0.0973 | 0.104 | 0.109 | 0.113 | 0.116 | |
−0.007 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
beer | 0.531 | 0.472 | 0.414 | 0.357 | 0.304 | 0.254 | |
−0.011 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.010 | −0.012 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.229 | 0.271 | 0.316 | 0.362 | 0.409 | 0.455 | |
−0.009 | −0.008 | −0.008 | −0.010 | −0.014 | −0.019 | ||
IT | spirits | 0.353 | 0.270 | 0.197 | 0.137 | 0.091 | 0.058 |
−0.016 | −0.009 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.005 | ||
wine | 0.211 | 0.221 | 0.222 | 0.213 | 0.194 | 0.168 | |
−0.011 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
beer | 0.351 | 0.378 | 0.389 | 0.381 | 0.355 | 0.316 | |
−0.014 | −0.009 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.085 | 0.130 | 0.192 | 0.269 | 0.360 | 0.458 | |
−0.005 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.009 | −0.014 | ||
LV | spirits | 0.126 | 0.130 | 0.132 | 0.130 | 0.126 | 0.119 |
−0.008 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
wine | 0.395 | 0.371 | 0.342 | 0.308 | 0.272 | 0.233 | |
−0.014 | −0.010 | −0.008 | −0.009 | −0.010 | −0.013 | ||
beer | 0.331 | 0.305 | 0.275 | 0.244 | 0.210 | 0.177 | |
−0.013 | −0.009 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.009 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.148 | 0.194 | 0.251 | 0.318 | 0.392 | 0.471 | |
−0.008 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.010 | −0.013 | ||
LT | spirits | 0.0372 | 0.054 | 0.077 | 0.107 | 0.144 | 0.189 |
−0.004 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.007 | −0.013 | ||
wine | 0.254 | 0.301 | 0.350 | 0.396 | 0.435 | 0.465 | |
−0.011 | −0.009 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.011 | −0.016 | ||
beer | 0.267 | 0.252 | 0.233 | 0.210 | 0.183 | 0.156 | |
−0.013 | −0.008 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.441 | 0.392 | 0.340 | 0.288 | 0.237 | 0.190 | |
−0.015 | −0.011 | −0.008 | −0.008 | −0.010 | −0.011 | ||
MT | spirits | 0.331 | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.332 | 0.324 | 0.312 |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.011 | −0.014 | ||
wine | 0.418 | 0.400 | 0.379 | 0.355 | 0.329 | 0.299 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.011 | ||
beer | 0.183 | 0.175 | 0.166 | 0.156 | 0.145 | 0.132 | |
−0.006 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.007 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.0676 | 0.0902 | 0.119 | 0.156 | 0.202 | 0.257 | |
−0.005 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.011 | ||
NL | spirits | 0.412 | 0.289 | 0.180 | 0.100 | 0.0505 | 0.0235 |
−0.022 | −0.012 | −0.008 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.004 | ||
wine | 0.143 | 0.204 | 0.258 | 0.290 | 0.296 | 0.279 | |
−0.010 | −0.009 | −0.008 | −0.008 | −0.010 | −0.013 | ||
beer | 0.353 | 0.342 | 0.295 | 0.227 | 0.158 | 0.102 | |
−0.019 | −0.011 | −0.008 | −0.009 | −0.011 | −0.011 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.0918 | 0.166 | 0.267 | 0.383 | 0.496 | 0.596 | |
−0.008 | −0.009 | −0.010 | −0.013 | −0.017 | −0.021 | ||
NO | spirits | 0.0883 | 0.105 | 0.123 | 0.145 | 0.169 | 0.195 |
−0.009 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.010 | −0.014 | ||
wine | 0.141 | 0.132 | 0.124 | 0.115 | 0.107 | 0.098 | |
−0.012 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
beer | 0.252 | 0.234 | 0.217 | 0.200 | 0.183 | 0.166 | |
−0.016 | −0.012 | −0.009 | −0.008 | −0.009 | −0.011 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.519 | 0.529 | 0.536 | 0.540 | 0.542 | 0.540 | |
−0.016 | −0.012 | −0.010 | −0.010 | −0.013 | −0.017 | ||
PO | spirits | 0.097 | 0.106 | 0.117 | 0.127 | 0.139 | 0.150 |
−0.006 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.007 | ||
wine | 0.214 | 0.215 | 0.217 | 0.217 | 0.216 | 0.215 | |
−0.008 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.007 | ||
beer | 0.674 | 0.657 | 0.639 | 0.619 | 0.597 | 0.573 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.010 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.016 | 0.021 | 0.028 | 0.037 | 0.048 | 0.062 | |
−0.002 | −0.002 | −0.002 | −0.002 | −0.003 | −0.005 | ||
PT | spirits | 0.430 | 0.421 | 0.409 | 0.397 | 0.382 | 0.367 |
−0.011 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.010 | ||
wine | 0.0737 | 0.0866 | 0.101 | 0.118 | 0.137 | 0.158 | |
−0.006 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.008 | ||
beer | 0.340 | 0.325 | 0.309 | 0.292 | 0.275 | 0.257 | |
−0.013 | −0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.156 | 0.168 | 0.181 | 0.193 | 0.206 | 0.218 | |
−0.008 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.009 | ||
RO | spirits | 0.0225 | 0.0382 | 0.0600 | 0.0883 | 0.124 | 0.166 |
−0.003 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.008 | ||
wine | 0.150 | 0.204 | 0.257 | 0.304 | 0.341 | 0.368 | |
−0.008 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
beer | 0.413 | 0.474 | 0.504 | 0.503 | 0.476 | 0.434 | |
−0.014 | −0.009 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.011 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.415 | 0.283 | 0.178 | 0.106 | 0.0593 | 0.0320 | |
−0.017 | −0.009 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.004 | ||
SK | spirits | 0.229 | 0.233 | 0.237 | 0.238 | 0.237 | 0.232 |
−0.012 | −0.010 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.010 | ||
wine | 0.539 | 0.510 | 0.479 | 0.447 | 0.412 | 0.374 | |
−0.012 | −0.010 | −0.008 | −0.008 | −0.010 | −0.012 | ||
beer | 0.217 | 0.233 | 0.249 | 0.263 | 0.275 | 0.283 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.009 | −0.012 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.016 | 0.023 | 0.035 | 0.052 | 0.077 | 0.111 | |
−0.002 | −0.002 | −0.002 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.006 | ||
SI | spirits | 0.171 | 0.184 | 0.198 | 0.212 | 0.227 | 0.243 |
−0.009 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.010 | ||
wine | 0.432 | 0.410 | 0.388 | 0.366 | 0.344 | 0.323 | |
−0.011 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.010 | −0.013 | ||
beer | 0.193 | 0.195 | 0.196 | 0.197 | 0.197 | 0.197 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.204 | 0.211 | 0.218 | 0.225 | 0.232 | 0.238 | |
−0.012 | −0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
SE | spirits | 0.143 | 0.162 | 0.180 | 0.196 | 0.209 | 0.219 |
−0.007 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.010 | −0.015 | ||
wine | 0.193 | 0.170 | 0.147 | 0.125 | 0.104 | 0.085 | |
−0.009 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.006 | ||
beer | 0.311 | 0.259 | 0.212 | 0.169 | 0.132 | 0.102 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.006 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.353 | 0.408 | 0.461 | 0.511 | 0.555 | 0.594 | |
−0.011 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.012 | −0.016 | ||
UA | spirits | 0.152 | 0.106 | 0.0723 | 0.049 | 0.033 | 0.022 |
−0.010 | −0.005 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.003 | ||
wine | 0.290 | 0.318 | 0.344 | 0.367 | 0.388 | 0.406 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
beer | 0.207 | 0.206 | 0.201 | 0.193 | 0.184 | 0.175 | |
−0.008 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.351 | 0.370 | 0.383 | 0.391 | 0.395 | 0.397 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.009 | −0.012 |
1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BG | spirits | 0.043 | 0.058 | 0.078 | 0.101 | 0.126 | 0.151 |
−0.007 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.009 | ||
wine | 0.0804 | 0.0974 | 0.115 | 0.133 | 0.147 | 0.157 | |
−0.009 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.008 | ||
beer | 0.840 | 0.787 | 0.721 | 0.641 | 0.550 | 0.452 | |
−0.014 | −0.013 | −0.011 | −0.008 | −0.008 | −0.012 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.037 | 0.057 | 0.086 | 0.125 | 0.177 | 0.240 | |
−0.005 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.011 | ||
HR | spirits | 0.072 | 0.078 | 0.083 | 0.089 | 0.096 | 0.103 |
−0.004 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.006 | ||
wine | 0.308 | 0.311 | 0.314 | 0.317 | 0.320 | 0.323 | |
−0.008 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.010 | ||
beer | 0.525 | 0.516 | 0.507 | 0.498 | 0.489 | 0.480 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.095 | 0.095 | 0.095 | 0.095 | 0.095 | 0.095 | |
−0.006 | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.006 | ||
CY | spirits | 0.183 | 0.173 | 0.160 | 0.144 | 0.124 | 0.101 |
−0.018 | −0.012 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
wine | 0.168 | 0.160 | 0.150 | 0.137 | 0.119 | 0.098 | |
−0.019 | −0.013 | −0.007 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
beer | 0.612 | 0.604 | 0.584 | 0.549 | 0.493 | 0.417 | |
−0.024 | −0.017 | −0.011 | −0.009 | −0.013 | −0.021 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.037 | 0.063 | 0.105 | 0.170 | 0.264 | 0.384 | |
−0.005 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.010 | −0.015 | −0.024 | ||
CZ | spirits | 0.097 | 0.105 | 0.113 | 0.120 | 0.125 | 0.126 |
−0.004 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.006 | ||
wine | 0.192 | 0.197 | 0.201 | 0.202 | 0.199 | 0.191 | |
−0.007 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
beer | 0.696 | 0.671 | 0.641 | 0.604 | 0.557 | 0.499 | |
−0.008 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.016 | 0.027 | 0.045 | 0.074 | 0.118 | 0.184 | |
−0.002 | −0.002 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.008 | ||
DK | spirits | 0.051 | 0.062 | 0.075 | 0.090 | 0.108 | 0.128 |
−0.009 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.008 | ||
wine | 0.045 | 0.053 | 0.062 | 0.071 | 0.082 | 0.094 | |
−0.010 | −0.009 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.009 | ||
beer | 0.441 | 0.439 | 0.435 | 0.428 | 0.420 | 0.409 | |
−0.040 | −0.030 | −0.021 | −0.013 | −0.010 | −0.014 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.463 | 0.447 | 0.429 | 0.411 | 0.390 | 0.369 | |
−0.043 | −0.033 | −0.023 | −0.015 | −0.011 | −0.016 | ||
EE | spirits | 0.093 | 0.102 | 0.111 | 0.120 | 0.129 | 0.138 |
−0.008 | −0.006 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.008 | ||
wine | 0.162 | 0.175 | 0.187 | 0.199 | 0.211 | 0.222 | |
−0.010 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.011 | ||
beer | 0.502 | 0.462 | 0.423 | 0.384 | 0.347 | 0.311 | |
−0.014 | −0.010 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.243 | 0.261 | 0.279 | 0.297 | 0.313 | 0.329 | |
−0.010 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.011 | ||
FI | spirits | 0.100 | 0.102 | 0.103 | 0.105 | 0.107 | 0.109 |
−0.006 | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.007 | ||
wine | 0.114 | 0.116 | 0.118 | 0.121 | 0.123 | 0.125 | |
−0.007 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.007 | ||
beer | 0.496 | 0.494 | 0.492 | 0.490 | 0.488 | 0.486 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.009 | −0.012 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.290 | 0.288 | 0.286 | 0.284 | 0.282 | 0.280 | |
−0.009 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.010 | ||
DE | spirits | 0.072 | 0.073 | 0.073 | 0.074 | 0.074 | 0.074 |
−0.006 | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.009 | ||
wine | 0.191 | 0.175 | 0.160 | 0.146 | 0.133 | 0.121 | |
−0.013 | −0.008 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.009 | −0.012 | ||
beer | 0.515 | 0.540 | 0.565 | 0.589 | 0.613 | 0.636 | |
−0.015 | −0.010 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.014 | −0.019 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.223 | 0.212 | 0.202 | 0.191 | 0.180 | 0.170 | |
−0.012 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.011 | −0.015 | ||
GR | spirits | 0.190 | 0.193 | 0.196 | 0.198 | 0.201 | 0.203 |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
wine | 0.246 | 0.240 | 0.234 | 0.228 | 0.222 | 0.216 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.007 | ||
beer | 0.397 | 0.406 | 0.415 | 0.424 | 0.433 | 0.442 | |
−0.014 | −0.010 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.167 | 0.161 | 0.155 | 0.150 | 0.145 | 0.139 | |
−0.011 | −0.008 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.006 | ||
HU | spirits | 0.170 | 0.160 | 0.149 | 0.139 | 0.129 | 0.118 |
−0.008 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
wine | 0.397 | 0.379 | 0.361 | 0.341 | 0.322 | 0.301 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
beer | 0.359 | 0.374 | 0.389 | 0.402 | 0.414 | 0.424 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.010 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.074 | 0.086 | 0.101 | 0.117 | 0.135 | 0.156 | |
−0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.008 | ||
IS | spirits | 0.138 | 0.147 | 0.157 | 0.166 | 0.176 | 0.185 |
−0.008 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.011 | −0.015 | ||
wine | 0.077 | 0.085 | 0.095 | 0.105 | 0.115 | 0.126 | |
−0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.011 | ||
beer | 0.636 | 0.609 | 0.582 | 0.555 | 0.526 | 0.498 | |
−0.010 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.012 | −0.016 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.149 | 0.158 | 0.166 | 0.174 | 0.182 | 0.190 | |
−0.006 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.013 | ||
IT | spirits | 0.180 | 0.147 | 0.119 | 0.094 | 0.073 | 0.055 |
−0.009 | −0.005 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.004 | ||
wine | 0.278 | 0.271 | 0.259 | 0.244 | 0.225 | 0.202 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.008 | ||
beer | 0.461 | 0.471 | 0.474 | 0.469 | 0.454 | 0.429 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.010 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.0811 | 0.110 | 0.148 | 0.194 | 0.249 | 0.313 | |
−0.004 | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.011 | ||
LV | spirits | 0.102 | 0.113 | 0.125 | 0.136 | 0.146 | 0.154 |
−0.007 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.010 | ||
wine | 0.177 | 0.175 | 0.171 | 0.166 | 0.158 | 0.149 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
beer | 0.648 | 0.616 | 0.581 | 0.541 | 0.497 | 0.450 | |
−0.011 | −0.009 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.010 | −0.012 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.073 | 0.096 | 0.124 | 0.158 | 0.199 | 0.247 | |
−0.005 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.011 | ||
LT | spirits | 0.046 | 0.064 | 0.089 | 0.121 | 0.162 | 0.212 |
−0.004 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.007 | −0.012 | ||
wine | 0.146 | 0.164 | 0.182 | 0.199 | 0.214 | 0.225 | |
−0.008 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.008 | −0.012 | ||
beer | 0.546 | 0.541 | 0.530 | 0.510 | 0.483 | 0.447 | |
−0.012 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.009 | −0.013 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.263 | 0.230 | 0.199 | 0.169 | 0.142 | 0.116 | |
−0.012 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.007 | ||
MT | spirits | 0.168 | 0.184 | 0.200 | 0.217 | 0.232 | 0.247 |
−0.007 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
wine | 0.354 | 0.336 | 0.317 | 0.297 | 0.276 | 0.254 | |
−0.011 | −0.009 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.010 | ||
beer | 0.413 | 0.399 | 0.383 | 0.365 | 0.345 | 0.323 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.010 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.065 | 0.081 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.147 | 0.177 | |
−0.004 | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.009 | ||
NL | spirits | 0.204 | 0.159 | 0.121 | 0.089 | 0.063 | 0.043 |
−0.021 | −0.011 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.006 | ||
wine | 0.073 | 0.078 | 0.082 | 0.083 | 0.081 | 0.076 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
beer | 0.673 | 0.683 | 0.674 | 0.645 | 0.594 | 0.524 | |
−0.022 | −0.014 | −0.010 | −0.009 | −0.010 | −0.014 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.051 | 0.080 | 0.123 | 0.183 | 0.262 | 0.358 | |
−0.005 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.010 | −0.016 | ||
NO | spirits | 0.094 | 0.110 | 0.129 | 0.150 | 0.174 | 0.199 |
−0.010 | −0.009 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.013 | ||
wine | 0.111 | 0.106 | 0.101 | 0.096 | 0.090 | 0.085 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.008 | ||
beer | 0.339 | 0.354 | 0.368 | 0.380 | 0.391 | 0.399 | |
−0.016 | −0.012 | −0.010 | −0.010 | −0.013 | −0.017 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.457 | 0.429 | 0.402 | 0.374 | 0.345 | 0.317 | |
−0.016 | −0.012 | −0.009 | −0.009 | −0.011 | −0.014 | ||
PO | spirits | 0.096 | 0.105 | 0.115 | 0.125 | 0.135 | 0.146 |
−0.005 | −0.004 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.006 | ||
wine | 0.160 | 0.159 | 0.158 | 0.156 | 0.153 | 0.150 | |
−0.007 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.006 | ||
beer | 0.727 | 0.712 | 0.696 | 0.678 | 0.658 | 0.634 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.010 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.018 | 0.024 | 0.032 | 0.042 | 0.054 | 0.071 | |
−0.003 | −0.003 | −0.002 | −0.002 | −0.003 | −0.006 | ||
PT | spirits | 0.246 | 0.247 | 0.247 | 0.247 | 0.246 | 0.244 |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
wine | 0.0897 | 0.100 | 0.112 | 0.124 | 0.138 | 0.153 | |
−0.007 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
beer | 0.515 | 0.498 | 0.481 | 0.464 | 0.446 | 0.428 | |
−0.011 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.149 | 0.155 | 0.160 | 0.166 | 0.171 | 0.175 | |
−0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
RO | spirits | 0.016 | 0.027 | 0.040 | 0.056 | 0.076 | 0.101 |
−0.002 | −0.002 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.006 | ||
wine | 0.146 | 0.186 | 0.216 | 0.237 | 0.249 | 0.256 | |
−0.007 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.008 | ||
beer | 0.440 | 0.537 | 0.599 | 0.628 | 0.633 | 0.622 | |
−0.017 | −0.011 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.008 | −0.010 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.398 | 0.251 | 0.145 | 0.0788 | 0.0411 | 0.0209 | |
−0.020 | −0.010 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.003 | ||
SK | spirits | 0.163 | 0.174 | 0.185 | 0.194 | 0.201 | 0.204 |
−0.007 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.009 | ||
wine | 0.401 | 0.365 | 0.328 | 0.293 | 0.257 | 0.222 | |
−0.013 | −0.009 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.010 | ||
beer | 0.422 | 0.439 | 0.453 | 0.462 | 0.465 | 0.459 | |
−0.015 | −0.011 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.012 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.014 | 0.022 | 0.034 | 0.052 | 0.078 | 0.115 | |
−0.002 | −0.002 | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.004 | −0.007 | ||
SI | spirits | 0.063 | 0.0745 | 0.088 | 0.103 | 0.121 | 0.140 |
−0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.007 | −0.010 | ||
wine | 0.373 | 0.351 | 0.330 | 0.308 | 0.287 | 0.266 | |
−0.011 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.011 | ||
beer | 0.410 | 0.417 | 0.422 | 0.425 | 0.427 | 0.426 | |
−0.011 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.153 | 0.157 | 0.161 | 0.164 | 0.166 | 0.168 | |
−0.007 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.006 | ||
SE | spirits | 0.127 | 0.140 | 0.154 | 0.167 | 0.181 | 0.194 |
−0.006 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.006 | −0.009 | −0.012 | ||
wine | 0.101 | 0.095 | 0.089 | 0.083 | 0.076 | 0.070 | |
−0.007 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.007 | ||
beer | 0.524 | 0.486 | 0.448 | 0.410 | 0.371 | 0.334 | |
−0.010 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.010 | −0.013 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.249 | 0.278 | 0.309 | 0.340 | 0.372 | 0.403 | |
−0.008 | −0.006 | −0.005 | −0.006 | −0.008 | −0.011 | ||
UA | spirits | 0.195 | 0.143 | 0.102 | 0.072 | 0.050 | 0.035 |
−0.010 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.004 | −0.004 | ||
wine | 0.181 | 0.203 | 0.222 | 0.239 | 0.254 | 0.268 | |
−0.008 | −0.007 | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.007 | −0.009 | ||
beer | 0.425 | 0.432 | 0.430 | 0.421 | 0.408 | 0.391 | |
−0.011 | −0.008 | −0.007 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.011 | ||
cider/alcop. | 0.198 | 0.223 | 0.246 | 0.268 | 0.288 | 0.306 | |
−0.009 | −0.007 | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.008 | −0.011 |
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Cluster | Countries | Dominant Beverage(s) (over Years) | Trends 1 | Difference (Highest–Lowest 2019 Beverage Minus Highest–Lowest Beverage in 1999) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bulgaria, Cyprus, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, and Portugal | Beer (40%) Cider/alcopops emerging (20%) | Beer ↓ Cider/alcopops ↑ | −26.06 pp; converging |
2 | Croatia, Greece, Lithuania, Romania, Germany | Wine (32%) Beer (31%) Spirits (16%) | Cider/alcopops ↓ | 3.18 pp; stable |
3 | Czech Republic, Hungary, Malta, Slovak Republic, and Slovenia | Wine (39%) Spirits (24%) | Wine ↓ Cider/alcopops ↑ | −41.53 pp; converging |
4 | Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Ukraine | Cider/alcopops (47%) | Cider/alcopops ↑ Beer ↓ | 24.48 pp; diverging |
Cluster | Countries | Dominant Beverage(s) (over Years) | Trends | Difference (Highest–Lowest 2019 Beverage Minus Highest–Lowest Beverage in 1999) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland | Beer (62%) Cider/alcopops (11%) | Beer ↓ Cider/alcopops ↑ | −22.63 pp; converging |
2 | Greece, Iceland, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Germany | Beer (43%) Wine (29%) | Cider/alcopops ↑ | −9.52 pp; converging |
3 | Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Slovak Republic, Slovenia Ukraine | Beer (52%) | Cider/alcopops ↓ | −3.64 pp; stable |
4 | Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden | Beer (47%) Cider/alcopops (30%) | Beer ↓ | −8.17 pp; converging |
Cluster | Country | Prevalence of Drinkers (%, SD) | Heavy Drinking 1 (%, SD) | Alcohol Volume 1 (Mean, SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bulgaria | 71.96 (7.41) | 14.08 (8.08) | 3.47 (0.97) |
Cyprus | ||||
Iceland | ||||
Italy | ||||
Latvia | ||||
Netherlands | ||||
Poland | ||||
Portugal | ||||
2 | Croatia | 84.27 (5.76) | 11.92 (5.62) | 3.37 (0.79) |
Greece | ||||
Lithuania | ||||
Romania | ||||
Germany | ||||
3 | Czech Rep. | 86.85 (2.95) | 10.66 (2.91) | 3.12 (0.41) |
Hungary | ||||
Malta | ||||
Slovak Rep. | ||||
Slovenia | ||||
4 | Denmark | 78.93 (7.33) | 26.37 (9.45) | 5.03 (0.96) |
Estonia | ||||
Finland | ||||
Norway | ||||
Sweden | ||||
Ukraine |
Cluster | Country | Prevalence of Drinkers (%, SD 1) | Heavy Drinking 1 (%, SD) | Alcohol Volume 1 (Mean, SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bulgaria | 81.27 (7.09) | 30.54 (7.64) | 5.36 (0.54) |
Cyprus | ||||
Czech Rep. | ||||
Latvia | ||||
Netherlands | ||||
Poland | ||||
2 | Greece | 78.63 (12.23) | 25.04 (8.48) | 4.85 (0.94) |
Iceland | ||||
Lithuania | ||||
Portugal | ||||
Romania | ||||
Germany | ||||
3 | Croatia | 85.92 (2.06) | 24.91 (5.41) | 5.11 (0.69) |
Estonia | ||||
Hungary | ||||
Italy | ||||
Malta | ||||
Slovak Rep. | ||||
Slovenia | ||||
Ukraine | ||||
4 | Denmark | 76.47 (10.07) | 43.89 (6.92) | 6.75 (0.84) |
Finland | ||||
Norway | ||||
Sweden |
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Loy, J.K.; Seitz, N.-N.; Bye, E.K.; Dietze, P.; Kilian, C.; Manthey, J.; Raitasalo, K.; Soellner, R.; Trolldal, B.; Törrönen, J.; et al. Changes in Alcoholic Beverage Choice and Risky Drinking among Adolescents in Europe 1999–2019. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010933
Loy JK, Seitz N-N, Bye EK, Dietze P, Kilian C, Manthey J, Raitasalo K, Soellner R, Trolldal B, Törrönen J, et al. Changes in Alcoholic Beverage Choice and Risky Drinking among Adolescents in Europe 1999–2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010933
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoy, Johanna K., Nicki-Nils Seitz, Elin K. Bye, Paul Dietze, Carolin Kilian, Jakob Manthey, Kirsimarja Raitasalo, Renate Soellner, Björn Trolldal, Jukka Törrönen, and et al. 2021. "Changes in Alcoholic Beverage Choice and Risky Drinking among Adolescents in Europe 1999–2019" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010933