Chronic Effects of a Training Program Using a Nasal Inspiratory Restriction Device on Elite Cyclists
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Training Program
2.3. Measurements
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | FB (n = 10) | CG (n = 8) | FB vs. CG |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 35.3 ± 9.4 | 38.1 ± 11.7 | −1.4 (−6.2, 3.9) |
Weight (kg) | 71.2 ± 4.0 | 72.2 ± 9.4 | −0.5 (−3.7, 2.9) |
Height (cm) | 176.8 ± 7.1 | 172.5 ± 4.9 | 2.0 (−1.1, 5.0) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 2.0 | 24.3 ± 2.9 | −0.7 (−1.8, 0.6) |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 55.8 ± 4.7 | 51.1 ± 5.4 | 2.3 (−0.2, 4.6) |
MIP (cmH2O) | 155.5 ± 36.2 | 167.6 ± 51.7 | −5.4 (−27.7, 14.8) |
FB (n = 10) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | PostPRE | PostFINAL | |||||
Variable | Value | Value | %Change | Δ (95%CrI) | Value | %Change | Δ (95%CrI) |
Power (W/kg) | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 3.3 | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.4) | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 14.3 | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) |
VO2max (mL/min) | 3981.4 ± 475.8 | 3714.2 ± 425.2 | −6.7 | −205.0(−416.0, 16.7) | 3988.3 ± 479.6 | 0.2 | 11.1 (−217.0, 225.0) |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 55.8 ± 4.7 | 53.2 ± 5.8 | −4.7 | −2.5 (−6.1, 1.6) | 56.8 ± 6.6 | 1.8 | 0.8 (−3.3, 4.7) |
VT1 (W) | 159.0 ± 28.5 | 180.0 ± 33.9 | 13.2 | 21.0 (9.6, 32.4) | |||
VT1 (mL/kg/min) | 26.7 ± 3.9 | 29.6 ± 5.7 | 10.8 | 2.9 (0.5, 5.4) | |||
VT1 (L/min) | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 10.5 | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | |||
VT2 (W) | 288.0 ± 28.1 | 306.0 ± 30.2 | 6.3 | 17.7 (0.6, 36.2) | |||
VT2 (mL/kg/min) | 47.1 ± 8.7 | 46.7 ± 8.0 | −0.8 | −0.4 (−0.4, 3.8) | |||
VT2 (L/min) | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | −0.9 | −0.0 (−0.3, 0.3) | |||
VE (L/min) | 149.1 ± 24.0 | 126.6 ± 21.4 | −15.1 | −21.0 (−29.7, −11.5) | 152.0 ± 15.7 | 1.9 | 3.6 (−12.5, 18.8) |
BF (breaths/min) | 49.4 ± 10.5 | 43.4 ± 10.0 | −12.1 | −5.1 (−9.4, −0.9) | 51.5 ± 7.2 | 4.3 | 2.9 (−3.6, 9.7) |
VCO2 (L/min) | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | −13.5 | −0.5 (−0.7, −0.2) | 4.9 ± 0.3 | −5.8 | −0.2 (−0.4, 0.1) |
EqO2 (L/min) | 36.2 ± 4.4 | 33.1 ± 6.3 | −8.6 | −3.4 (−5.8, −0.7) | 37.9 ± 4.9 | 4.7 | 0.8 (−2.3, 3.7) |
EqCO2 (L/min) | 27.7 ± 2.4 | 26.9 ± 3.2 | −2.9 | −0.8 (−2.4, 0.8) | 29.7 ± 3.2 | 7.2 | 2.1 (−0.3, 4.4) |
HR (beats/min) | 181.2 ± 8.9 | 174.9 ± 9.8 | −3.5 | −5.9 (−9.2, −2.5) | 183.3 ± 7.1 | 1.2 | 2.0 (−1.0, 5.2) |
VTin (L) | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | −12.9 | −1.2 (−0.3, 0.1) | 3.04 ± 0.25 | −1.3 | −0.04 (−0.22, 0.16) |
VTex (L) | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | −16.1 | −0.4 (−0.9, 0.1) | 2.97 ± 0.20 | −2.6 | −0.10 (−0.32, 0.14) |
Tin (s) | 0.61 ± 0.11 | 0.67 ± 0.14 | 9.8 | 0.05 (0.00, 0.10) | 0.56 ± 0.08 | −8.2 | −0.05 (−0.18, 0.03) |
Tex (s) | 0.64 ± 0.11 | 0.77 ± 0.15 | 20.3 | 0.11 (0.05, 0.17) | 0.62 ± 0.11 | −3.1 | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.05) |
TiTot (%) | 48.5 ± 1.9 | 46.4 ± 2.4 | −4.3 | −2.1 (−3.2, 0.9) | 47.7 ± 2.2 | −1.6 | −0.1 (−0.6, 0.4) |
PETO2 (mmHg) | 16.0 ± 0.4 | 15.4 ± 0.7 | −3.8 | −0.4 (−0.63, −0.15) | 15.9 ± 0.2 | −0.6 | −0.0 (−0.3, 0.2) |
PETCO2 (mmHg) | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | 8.3 | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.02 (−0.3, 0.3) |
RER | 1.31 ± 0.09 | 1.22 ± 0.13 | −6.9 | −0.1 (−0.1, −0.0) | 1.25 ± 0.10 | −4.6 | −0.06 (−0.11, −0.01) |
CG (n = 8) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | PostPRE | PostFINAL | |||||
Variable | Value | Value | %Change | Δ (95%CrI) | Value | %Change | Δ (95%CrI) |
Power (W/kg) | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.3) | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.4) |
VO2max (mL/min) | 3673.0 ± 451.8 | 3581.6 ± 508.5 | −2.5 | −94.5(−326.0, 125.0) | 3689.3 ± 491.3 | 0.4 | 8.1 (−218.0, 239.0) |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 51.1 ± 5.4 | 49.4 ± 3.9 | −3.3 | −1.6 (−5.6, 2.7) | 50.9 ± 4.0 | −0.4 | −0.1 (−4.6, 4.2) |
VT1 (W) | 144.4 ± 28.8 | 150.6 ± 27.8 | 4.3 | 6.2 (−7.1, 20.3) | |||
VT1 (mL/kg/min) | 23.6 ± 4.8 | 25.9 ± 3.6 | 9.8 | 2.3 (−0.5, 5.2) | |||
VT1 (L/min) | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 9.9 | 0.2 (−0.0, 0.4) | |||
VT2 (W) | 253.8 ± 52.7 | 286.3 ± 38.1 | 12.8 | 32.5 (11.4, 53.7) | |||
VT2 (mL/kg/min) | 39.1 ± 6.5 | 44.1 ± 5.4 | 12.8 | 5.0 (0.6, 9.4) | |||
VT2 (L/min) | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 13.1 | 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) | |||
VE (L/min) | 141.9 ± 17.4 | 139.6 ± 17.9 | −1.6 | −1.8 (−11.9, 7.70) | 140.5 ± 22.3 | −1.0 | −1.9 (−19.0, 15.7) |
BF (breaths/min) | 53.3 ± 8.7 | 54.8 ± 9.3 | 2.8 | 1.6 (−3.3, 6.2) | 53.0 ± 7.5 | −0.6 | 0.1 (−7.0, 6.4) |
VCO2 (L/min) | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | −6.3 | −0.2 (−0.5, −0.0) | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 2.1 | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.1) |
EqO2 (L/min) | 37.2 ± 3.9 | 37.3 ± 2.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 (−2.3, 3.2) | 36.4 ± 1.9 | −2.2 | −0.5 (−2.3, 3.7) |
EqCO2 (L/min) | 28.7 ± 2.8 | 29.4 ± 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.2 (−0.7, 2.8) | 29.0 ± 2.8 | 1.0 | 0.5 (−2.3, 3.0) |
HR (beats/min) | 178.4 ± 12.6 | 173.8 ± 13.5 | −2.6 | −4.6 (−7.7, −1.1) | 175.4 ± 14.8 | −1.7 | −3.0 (−6.4, 0.4) |
VTin (L) | 2.74 ± 0.57 | 2.69 ± 0.6 | −1.8 | −0.03(−0.29, 0.24) | 2.75 ± 0.56 | 0.4 | 0.01 (−0.20, 0.24) |
VTex (L) | 2.73 ± 0.60 | 2.62 ± 0.59 | −4.0 | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.5) | 2.70 ± 0.54 | −1.1 | −0.02 (−0.27, 0.22) |
Tin (s) | 0.57 ± 0.11 | 0.56 ± 0.10 | −1.8 | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) | 0.57 ± 0.09 | 0.5 | 0.01(−0.07, 0.09) |
Tex (s) | 0.58 ± 0.10 | 0.57 ± 0.09 | −1.7 | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.05) | 0.58 ± 0.06 | 0.5 | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.08) |
TiTot (%) | 49.3 ± 2.0 | 49.6 ± 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 (−0.8, 1.5) | 49.9 ± 2.2 | 1.2 | −0.0 (−0.3, 0.3) |
Vt/Ti (L/s) | 4.81 ± 0.56 | 4.70 ± 0.64 | −2.3 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.2) | 4.72 ± 0.82 | −1.9 | −0.1 (−0.6, 0.4) |
Vt (L) | 2.74 ± 0.61 | 2.62 ± 0.60 | −4.4 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) | 2.69 ± 0.54 | −1.8 | −0.0 (−0.3, 0.2) |
PETO2 (mmHg) | 16.1 ± 0.3 | 16.1 ± 0.3 | −0.1 | −0.1 (−0.31, 0.1) | 16.0 ± 0.2 | −0.6 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0.1) |
PETCO2 (mmHg) | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.1 | −2.1 | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.3) | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.02 (−0.21, 0.26) |
RER | 1.30 ± 0.05 | 1.27 ± 0.10 | −2.3 | −0.0 (−0.1, 0.0) | 1.26 ± 0.09 | −3.1 | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.02) |
Variable | FB vs. Control | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | PostPRE | PostFINAL | Δ PostPRE | Δ PostFINAL | |
Power (W/kg) | 0.26 (−0.09, 0.59) | 0.39 (−0.04, 0.76) | 0.82 (0.49, 1.17) | 0.12 (−0.18, 0.44) | 0.58 (0.23, 0.92) |
VO2max (mL/min) | 285.0 (−131.0, 750.0) | 172 (−277.0, 619.0) | 280.0 (−157.0, 740.0) | −110.6 (−366.0, 152.0) | −5.1 (−362.9, 346.8) |
VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 4.53 (−0.19, 9.45) | 4.27 (−1.0, 9.0) | 5.27 (0.69, 10.83) | −0.39 (−5.12, 4.35) | 1.2 (−4.5, 6.9) |
VT1 (W) | 14.5 (−12.4, 43.0) | 29.3 (1.8, 56.7) | 14.8 (−3.5, 32.9) | ||
VT1 (mL/kg/min) | 2.94 (−1.26, 7.31) | 3.58 (−0.68, 7.93) | 0.5 (−3.2, 4.3) | ||
VT1 (L/min) | 0.20 (−0.18, 0.60) | 0.23 (−0.13, 0.63) | 0.03 (−0.22, 0.29) | ||
VT2 (W) | 32.5 (−5.17, 67.5) | 19.4 (−17.5, 54.7) | −14.8 (−43.6, 13.9) | ||
VT2 (mL/kg/min) | 7.69 (1.86, 13.27) | 2.61 (−2.77, 8.43) | −5.4 (−11.3, 0.6) | ||
VT2 (L/min) | 0.51 (−0.00, 0.98) | 0.13 (−0.36, 0.61) | 0.2 (−0.8, 0.0) | ||
VE (L/min) | 6.68 (−12.25, 26.0) | −12.01 (−31.76, 6.1) | 11.48 (−7.25, 30.8) | −19.77 (−39.95, 0.10) | 5.5 (−18.9, 30.2) |
BF (breaths/min) | −3.90 (−11.9, 4.88) | −10.73 (−19.7, −2.13) | −1.51 (−10.3, 7.21) | −7.20 (−17–41, 3.19) | 2.8 (−6.5, 11.3) |
VCO2 (L/min) | −382.6 (−889, 82.4) | −22.1 (−542, 436.0) | −287.7 (−772, 223.8) | −371.7 (−732.9, −10.2) | −0.03 (−0.30, 0.24) |
EqO2 (L/min) | −1.03 (−4.97, 3.15) | −4.36 (−8.41, 0.03) | 0.51 (−3.84, 4.55) | −3.51 (−8.07, 1.21) | 1.3 (−3.2, 5.8) |
EqCO2 (L/min) | −0.96 (−3.57, 1.44) | −2.50 (−4.97, 0.38) | 0.65 (−1.87, 3.09) | −1.61 (−4.87, 1.81) | 1.6 (−1.8, 5.2) |
HR (beats/min) | 2.80 (−6.91, 13.1) | 1.46 (−8.96, 11.3) | 7.78 (−2.58, 17.5) | −1.08 (−5.47, 3.27) | 5.0 (3.5, 9.6) |
VTin (mL) | 320.7 (−177.0, 858.0) | −21.3 (−530.0, 564.0) | 4.1 (−536.0, 522.0) | −371.0 (−1075.3, 335.0) | −0.05 (−0.34, 0.24) |
Vtex (mL) | 340.3 (−174.0, 880.0) | −28.6 (−586.0, 509.0) | −9.8 (−543.0, 518.0) | −324.0 (−1002.6, 374.1) | −0.07 (−0.41, 0.26) |
Tin (s) | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.13) | 0.10 (−0.00, −0.20) | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.08) | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.17) | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.06) |
Tex (s) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.16) | 0.19 (0.09, 0.30) | 0.04 (−0.06, 0.14) | 0.14 (0.01, 0.27) | −0.02 (−0.14, 0.09) |
Titot (%) | −0.79 (−2.85, 1.07) | −3.19 (−5.25, 1.10) | −2.12 (−4.07, 0.02) | −2.49 (−4.10, −0.85) | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.3) |
PETO2 (mmHg) | −0.17 (−0.58, 0.27) | −0.65 (−1.08, 0.21) | −0.06 (−0.46, 0.37) | −0.51 (−0.99, −0.03) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.3) |
PETCO2 (mmHg) | 0.11 (−0.28, 0.50) | 0.56 (0.15, 0.97) | 0.06 (−0.36, 0.46) | 0.48 (−0.02, 0.98) | 0.00 (−0.28, 0.30) |
RER | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) | −0.05 (−0.14, 0.04) | −0.00 (−0.09, 0.09) | −0.06 (−0.12, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) |
FB (n = 10) | |||||
Variable | Pre-Incremental Test | Post-Incremental Test | %Change | Δ (95% HDI) | |
Pre vs. Pre | ΔPOST vs. ΔPRE | ||||
MIPPRE (cmH2O) | 165.3 ± 35.5 | 172.4 ± 34.4 | 4.3 | 30.5 (18.1, 43.0) | −7.5 (−24.7, 10.2) |
MIPPOST (cmH2O) | 198.2 ± 35.2 | 200.9 ± 36.7 | 1.3 | ||
Value | %Change | Post vs. Pre | |||
RPEPRE | 8.9 ± 1.0 | 6.7 | 0.6 (−0.0 to 1.2) | ||
RPEPOST | 9.5 ± 0.5 | ||||
CG (n = 8) | |||||
Variable | Pre-incremental test | Post- incremental test | %Change | Δ (95% HDI) | |
Pre vs. Pre | ΔPOST vs. ΔPRE | ||||
MIPPRE (cmH2O) | 180.8 ± 44.0 | 178.5 ± 54.7 | −1.3 | 15.4 (2.6, 27.7) | 3.7 (−14.7, 21.9) |
MIPPOST (cmH2O) | 195.6 ± 37.1 | 191.6 ± 33.0 | −2.1 | ||
Value | %Change | Post vs. Pre | |||
RPEPRE | 8.4 ± 0.9 | 9.5 | 0.7 (0.1, 1.4) | ||
RPEPOST | 9.2 ± 0.7 |
Variable | Δ (95% HDI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Pre vs. Pre | ΔPOST vs. ΔPRE | Post vs. Pre | |
MIP (cmH2O) | 17.0 (−1.6, 35.3) | −4.5 (−22.3, 10.7) | |
RPE | −1.1 (−2.4, 0.2) |
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Gonzalez-Montesinos, J.L.; Fernandez-Santos, J.R.; Vaz-Pardal, C.; Aragon-Martin, R.; Arnedillo-Muñoz, A.; Reina-Novo, J.; Orantes-Gonzalez, E.; Heredia-Jimenez, J.; Ponce-Gonzalez, J.G. Chronic Effects of a Training Program Using a Nasal Inspiratory Restriction Device on Elite Cyclists. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020777
Gonzalez-Montesinos JL, Fernandez-Santos JR, Vaz-Pardal C, Aragon-Martin R, Arnedillo-Muñoz A, Reina-Novo J, Orantes-Gonzalez E, Heredia-Jimenez J, Ponce-Gonzalez JG. Chronic Effects of a Training Program Using a Nasal Inspiratory Restriction Device on Elite Cyclists. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020777
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalez-Montesinos, Jose L., Jorge R. Fernandez-Santos, Carmen Vaz-Pardal, Ruben Aragon-Martin, Aurelio Arnedillo-Muñoz, Jose Reina-Novo, Eva Orantes-Gonzalez, Jose Heredia-Jimenez, and Jesus G. Ponce-Gonzalez. 2021. "Chronic Effects of a Training Program Using a Nasal Inspiratory Restriction Device on Elite Cyclists" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020777