Infant Emotional Mimicry of Strangers: Associations with Parent Emotional Mimicry, Parent-Infant Mutual Attention, and Parent Dispositional Affective Empathy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Infant Emotional Mimicry
1.2. Parent Emotional Mimicry and Dispositional Empathy
1.3. Emotional Mimicry and Mutual Attention
1.4. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Research Design
2.3. Questionnaire: Parent Dispositional Empathy
2.4. Interactive Task: Procedure and Emotional Stimuli
2.4.1. Behavioral Coding System
2.4.2. Data Preparation
2.5. Statistical Approach
2.6. Preliminary Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Parent Dispositional Affective Empathy and Parent Emotional Mimicry
4.2. Parent Emotional Mimicry, Parent Dispositional Affective Empathy, and Infant Emotional Mimicry
4.3. Parent-Infant Mutual Attention and Infant Emotional Mimicry
4.4. Research Implications
4.5. Limitations and Future Suggestions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Variables | M (SE) | Range | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6-Month | 12-Month | Total | 6-Month | 12-Month | Total | |
Infant Emotional Mimicry | ||||||
Happy stimuli | 15.57 (2.73) | 16.77 (2.31) | 16.24 (1.76) | 0–68.15 | 0–65.98 | 0–68.15 |
Sad stimuli | 5.38 (1.66) | 5.32 (1.60) | 5.35 (1.15) | 0–50.00 | 0–54.00 | 0–54.00 |
Angry stimuli | 5.21 (1.66) | 5.45 (1.53) | 5.34 (1.12) | 0–50.00 | 0–51.00 | 0–51.00 |
Fearful stimuli | 3.99 (1.51) | 6.60 (1.55) | 5.46 (1.09) | 0–49.00 | 0–47.00 | 0–49.00 |
Parent Emotional Mimicry | ||||||
Happy stimuli | 39.01 (3.54) | 32.43 (3.07) | 35.30 (2.33) | 0–94.22 | 0–87.35 | 0–94.22 |
Sad stimuli | 8.85 (1.92) | 7.57 (1.57) | 8.13 (1.22) | 0–44.66 | 0–51.00 | 0–51.00 |
Angry stimuli | 6.86 (1.62) | 7.64 (1.54) | 7.30 (1.12) | 0–44.00 | 0–45.00 | 0–45.00 |
Fearful stimuli | 2.08 (0.76) | 4.11 (1.04) | 3.22 (0.68) | 0–29.04 | 0–32.00 | 0–32.00 |
Parent-Infant Attention | ||||||
Happy stimuli | 2.90 (0.66) | 3.17 (0.53) | 3.05 (0.41) | 0–21.00 | 0–19.85 | 0–21.00 |
Sad stimuli | 2.90 (0.68) | 3.21 (0.64) | 3.07 (0.47) | 0–20.00 | 0–19.00 | 0–20.00 |
Angry stimuli | 2.20 (0.62) | 3.61 (0.57) | 2.99 (0.42) | 0–18.00 | 0–19.00 | 0–19.00 |
Fearful stimuli | 2.07 (0.47) | 2.36 (0.40) | 2.23 (0.30) | 0–12.62 | 0–14.00 | 0–14.00 |
Parent Affective Empathy | 3.97 (0.10) | 4.00 (0.11) | 3.99 (0.08) | 2.14–5.29 | 1.86–5.71 | 1.86–5.71 |
Experimental Variables | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional Mimicry | ||||
1. Happy stimuli | − | −0.16 | −0.22 * | −0.19 * |
2. Sad stimuli | 0.36 ** | − | 0.83 * | 0.66 ** |
3. Angry stimuli | 0.40 ** | 0.50 ** | − | 0.73 ** |
4. Fearful stimuli | 0.16 | 0.33 ** | 0.40 ** | − |
Parent-Infant Mutual Attention | ||||
1. Happy stimuli | − | |||
2. Sad stimuli | 0.47 ** | - | ||
3. Angry stimuli | 0.24 ** | 0.43 ** | - | |
4. Fearful stimuli | 0.24 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.22 * | − |
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Salvadori, E.A.; Colonnesi, C.; Vonk, H.S.; Oort, F.J.; Aktar, E. Infant Emotional Mimicry of Strangers: Associations with Parent Emotional Mimicry, Parent-Infant Mutual Attention, and Parent Dispositional Affective Empathy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020654
Salvadori EA, Colonnesi C, Vonk HS, Oort FJ, Aktar E. Infant Emotional Mimicry of Strangers: Associations with Parent Emotional Mimicry, Parent-Infant Mutual Attention, and Parent Dispositional Affective Empathy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020654
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvadori, Eliala A., Cristina Colonnesi, Heleen S. Vonk, Frans J. Oort, and Evin Aktar. 2021. "Infant Emotional Mimicry of Strangers: Associations with Parent Emotional Mimicry, Parent-Infant Mutual Attention, and Parent Dispositional Affective Empathy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020654
APA StyleSalvadori, E. A., Colonnesi, C., Vonk, H. S., Oort, F. J., & Aktar, E. (2021). Infant Emotional Mimicry of Strangers: Associations with Parent Emotional Mimicry, Parent-Infant Mutual Attention, and Parent Dispositional Affective Empathy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020654