The Quality of Infectious Disease Hospital Websites in Poland in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Tools and Methods for Website Quality Assessment
2.2. Hospital Website Quality and Quality of Medical Content Online
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Website Quality Analysis
3.2. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Correlation Analysis
4.2. Content Analysis
- limited or cancelled consultations in specialist clinics (59 hospitals, about 65% of the websites)
- increased demand for medical and technical personnel; the home page had job advertisements for volunteers, nurses, paramedics, doctors, and technical staff (42 hospitals, about 46%)
- suspension of hospital visiting (35 hospitals, about 39% of the websites). Moreover, many hospitals informed the public about restricted movement within hospital complexes, restricted visiting (if possible at all), and limits of people allowed in waiting rooms and corridors
- suspension of specific medical procedures (14 hospitals, about 15% of the websites)
- need for convalescent plasma (9 hospitals), donated by recovered patients
- in eight cases, hospitals informed about delayed, limited, or suspended access to medical documentation.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Practical Implications and Limitations of the Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Schreuders, E.H.; Grobbee, E.J.; Kuipers, E.J.; Spaander, M.C.W.; van Zanten, S.J.O.V. Variable Quality and Readability of Patient-Oriented Websites on Colorectal Cancer Screening. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017, 15, 79–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salarvand, S.; Samadbeik, M.; Tarrahi, M.J.; Salarvand, H. Quality of public hospitals websites: A cross-sectional analytical study in Iran. Acta Inf. Med. 2016, 24, 130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Meiyappan, V.; Little, T.A.; Jackson, P. Evaluation of Website Information Provided by Paediatric Surgery Centres in Australia and New Zealand. ANZ J. Surg. 2019, 89, 1119–1121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cebi, S. Determining Importance Degrees of Website Design Parameters Based on Interactions and Types of Websites. Decis. Support. Syst. 2013, 54, 1030–1043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bilsel, R.U.; Büyüközkan, G.; Ruan, D. A Fuzzy Preference-Ranking Model for a Quality Evaluation of Hospital Web Sites. Int. J. Intell. Syst. 2006, 21, 1181–1197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perçin, S. A Combined Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision-Making Approach for Evaluating Hospital Website Quality. J. Multi-Criteria Decis. Anal. 2019, 26, 129–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bujnowska-Fedak, M.M.; Węgierek, P. The Impact of Online Health Information on Patient Health Behaviours and Making Decisions Concerning Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rafe, V.; Monfaredzadeh, M. A Qualitative Framework to Assess Hospital/Medical Websites. J. Med. Syst 2012, 36, 2927–2939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hesse, B.W.; Nelson, D.E.; Kreps, G.L.; Croyle, R.T.; Arora, N.K.; Rimer, B.K.; Viswanath, K. Trust and sources of health information: The impact of the Internet and its implications for health care providers: Findings from the first Health Information National Trends Survey. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005, 165, 2618–2624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chi, E.; Jabbour, N.; Aaronson, N.L. Quality and Readability of Websites for Patient Information on Tonsillectomy and Sleep Apnea. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2017, 98, 1–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devine, T.; Broderick, J.; Harris, L.M.; Wu, H.; Hilfiker, S.W. Making Quality Health Websites a National Public Health Priority: Toward Quality Standards. J. Med. Internet Res. 2016, 18, 211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiksdal, A.S.; Kumbamu, A.; Jadhav, A.S.; Cocos, C.; Nelsen, L.A.; Pathak, J.; McCormick, J.B. Evaluating the process of online health information searching: A qualitative approach to exploring consumer perspectives. J. Med. Internet Res. 2014, 16, 224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jeddi, F.R.; Gilasi, H.; Khademi, S. Evaluation models and criteria of the quality of hospital websites: A systematic review study. Electron. Physician 2017, 9, 3786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yan, A.; Zou, Y.; Mirchandani, D.A. How Hospitals in Mainland China Responded to the Outbreak of COVID-19 Using Information Technology–Enabled Services: An Analysis of Hospital News Webpages. J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc. 2020, 27, 991–999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- ISO9000: 2015. Quality Management Systems—Fundamentals and Vocabulary. Polish Committee for Standardization. Available online: https://sklep.pkn.pl/pn-en-iso-9000-2015-10p.html (accessed on 28 November 2020).
- Aladwani, A.M.; Palvia, P.C. Developing and Validating an Instrument for Measuring User-Perceived Web Quality. Inf. Manag. 2002, 39, 467–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Semerádová, T.; Weinlich, P. Looking for the Definition of Website Quality. In Website Quality and Shopping Behavior: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence; SpringerBriefs in Business; Semerádová, T., Weinlich, P., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 5–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Król, K.; Zdonek, D. Aggregated Indices in Website Quality Assessment. Future Internet 2020, 12, 72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schubert, D. Influence of mobile-friendly design to search results on Google search. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 2016, 220, 424–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rieder, B.; Matamoros-Fernández, A.; Coromina, Ò. From Ranking Algorithms to ‘Ranking Cultures’: Investigating the Modulation of Visibility in YouTube Search Results. Convergence 2018, 24, 50–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, R.; Shah, C. Toward creating a fairer ranking in search engine results. Inf. Process. Manag. 2020, 57, 102138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rocha, Á. Framework for a global quality evaluation of a website. Online Inf. Rev. 2012, 36, 374–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajanova, L.; Krizanova, A.; Lăzăroiu, G. Analysis of Website Performance Dependence on Global Brand Value. In Advances in Cross-Section Data Methods in Applied Economic Research; Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics; Tsounis, N., Vlachvei, A., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 171–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Błażejczyk, I.; Trawiński, B.; Indyka-Piasecka, A.; Kopel, M.; Kukla, E.; Bernacki, J. Usability Testing of a Mobile Friendly Web Conference Service. In Computational Collective Intelligence; Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Nguyen, I., Manolopoulos, L., Trawiński, Y., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 565–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kous, K.; Polančič, G. Empirical Insights of Individual Website Adjustments for People with Dyslexia. Sensors 2019, 19, 2235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ashraf, N.; Faisal, M.N.; Jabbar, S.; Habib, M.A. The Role of Website Design Artifacts on Consumer Attitude and Behavioral Intentions in Online Shopping. Tech. J. 2019, 24, 50–60. [Google Scholar]
- Król, K.; Zdonek, D. Local Government Website Accessibility–Evidence from Poland. Adm. Sci. 2020, 10, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fernández-Díaz, E.; Iglesias-Sánchez, P.P.; Jambrino-Maldonado, C. Exploring WHO Communication during the COVID 19 Pandemic through the WHO Website Based on W3C Guidelines: Accessible for All? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Acosta-Vargas, P.; Hidalgo, P.; Acosta-Vargas, G.; Gonzalez, M.; Guaña-Moya, J.; Salvador-Acosta, B. Challenges and Improvements in Website Accessibility for Health Services. In Intelligent Human Systems Integration 2020; Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing; Ahram, T., Karwowski, W., Vergnano, A., Leali, F., Taiar, R., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 875–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ratwani, R.M.; Reider, J.; Singh, H. A Decade of Health Information Technology Usability Challenges and the Path Forward. JAMA 2019, 321, 743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weymann, N.; Harter, M.; Dirmaier, J. Quality of Online Information on Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Promot. Int. 2015, 30, 821–831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- West, A.W. Go Live and Validate Your Website. In Practical Web Design for Absolute Beginners; West, A.W., Ed.; Apress: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2016; pp. 403–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moro Visconti, R. Domain Name and Website Valuation. In The Valuation of Digital Intangibles: Technology, Marketing and Internet; Moro Visconti, R., Ed.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 295–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Król, K.; Zdonek, D. Peculiarity of the bit rot and link rot phenomena. Glob. Knowl. Mem. Commun. 2019, 69, 20–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B. The Research of Web2.0 Interface and Interaction. In Advances in Electronic Engineering, Communication and Management; Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering; Jin, D., Lin, S., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; Volume 1, pp. 449–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morales-Vargas, A.; Pedraza-Jiménez, R.; Codina, L. Website Quality: An Analysis of Scientific Production. Prof. De La Inf. 2020, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giannakoulopoulos, A.; Konstantinou, N.; Koutsompolis, D.; Pergantis, M.; Varlamis, I. Academic Excellence, Website Quality, SEO Performance: Is There a Correlation? Future Internet 2019, 11, 242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shenoy, A.; Prabhu, A. SEO Hub: Utilities and Toolsets. In Introducing SEO: Your Quick-Start Guide to Effective SEO Practices; Shenoy, A., Prabhu, A., Eds.; Apress: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2016; pp. 103–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gümüş, R.; Sönmez, Y. Quality of Online Communication Tools at Hospitals and Their Effects on Health Service Consumers’ Preferences. Int. J. Healthc. Manag. 2020, 13, 35–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loiacono, E.T.; Watson, R.T.; Goodhue, D.L. WebQual: An Instrument for Consumer Evaluation of Web Sites. Int. J. Electron. Commer. 2007, 11, 51–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parasuraman, A.; Zeithaml, V.A.; Berry, L.L. SERVQUAL: A multi-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. J. Retail. 1988, 64, 12–40. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, D. HEALTHQUAL: A multi-item scale for assessing healthcare service quality. Serv. Bus. 2017, 11, 491–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dulaney, C.; Barrett, O.C.; Rais-Bahrami, S.; Wakefield, D.; Fiveash, J.; Dobelbower, M. Quality of Prostate Cancer Treatment Information on Cancer Center Websites. Cureus 2016, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Choi, H.; Lee, S.-K. A Prospective Analysis of Health Information Portals in Four Years. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mira, J.J.; Llinás, G.; Tomás, O.; Pérez-Jover, V. Quality of Websites in Spanish Public Hospitals. Med. Inf. Internet Med. 2006, 31, 23–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Emmert, M.; Meszmer, N.; Schlesinger, M. A Cross-Sectional Study Assessing the Association between Online Ratings and Clinical Quality of Care Measures for US Hospitals: Results from an Observational Study. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2018, 18, 82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Killip, S.C.; Kwong, N.K.R.; MacDermid, J.C.; Fletcher, A.J.; Carleton, N.R. The Quality, Readability, Completeness, and Accuracy of PTSD Websites for Firefighters. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheneguin, A.A.; Salvat, I.S.; Barrero, H.R.; Lacomba, M.T. How Good Is Online Information on Fibromyalgia? An Analysis of Quality and Readability of Websites on Fibromyalgia in Spanish. BMJ Open 2020, 10, e037065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azer, S.A.; Alghofaili, M.M.; Alsultan, R.M.; Alrumaih, N.S. Accuracy and Readability of Websites on Kidney and Bladder Cancers. J. Cancer Educ. 2018, 33, 926–944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arts, H.; Lemetyinen, H.; Edge, D. Readability and Quality of Online Eating Disorder Information—Are They Sufficient? A Systematic Review Evaluating Websites on Anorexia Nervosa Using DISCERN and Flesch Readability. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2020, 53, 128–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- MacLean, S.A.; Basch, C.H.; Clark, A.; Basch, C.E. Readability of Information on Colonoscopy Preparation on the Internet. Health Promot. Perspect. 2018, 8, 167–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kocyigit, B.F.; Koca, T.T.; Akaltun, M.S. Quality and readability of online information on ankylosing spondylitis. Clin. Rheumatol. 2019, 38, 3269–3274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Llinás, G.; Rodríguez-Iñesta, D.; Mira, J.J.; Lorenzo, S.; Aibar, C. A Comparison of Websites from Spanish, American and British Hospitals. Methods Inf. Med. 2008, 47, 124–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, X.; Bao, Z.; Liu, H.; Wang, Z. The Quality and Characteristics of Leading General Hospitals’ Websites in China. J. Med. Syst. 2011, 35, 1553–1562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huerta, T.R.; Hefner, J.L.; Ford, E.W.; McAlearney, A.S.; Menachemi, N. Hospital Website Rankings in the United States: Expanding Benchmarks and Standards for Effective Consumer Engagement. J. Med. Internet Res. 2014, 16, e64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Acosta-Vargas, P.; Acosta, T.; Luján-Mora, S. Framework for Accessibility Evaluation of Hospital Websites. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on eDemocracy eGovernment (ICEDEG), Ambato, Ecuador, 4–6 April 2018; pp. 9–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adipridhana, M.G.; Galinium, M.; Ipung, H.P. Website Quality Assessment for Portal Hospital Indonesia Using Gap Analysis. In Proceedings of the 2014 6th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 7–8 October 2014; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vetter, D.; Ruhwinkel, H.; Raptis, D.A.; Bueter, M. Quality Assessment of Information on Bariatric Surgery Websites. Obes. Surg. 2018, 28, 1240–1247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Report PAPH. Statistical Journal of the Polish Association of Private Hospitals (PATH). Private Hospitals Sector in Poland. 2020. Available online: http://www.szpitale.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/OSSP_raport_2020_www.pdf (accessed on 28 November 2020).
- Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Statistics Poland). Powierzchnia i Ludność w Przekroju Terytorialnym w 2020 roku. Available online: https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/powierzchnia-i-ludnosc-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-w-2020-roku,7,17.html (accessed on 28 November 2020).
- Government Website. Official and Reliable Information on COVID-19 in Poland. Lista Szpitali Zakaźnych w Polsce 2020 (pl). Available online: https://www.gov.pl/web/koronawirus/lista-szpitali (accessed on 28 November 2020).
- Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Statistics Poland). Kategoria K22 Ochrona zdrowia, Grupa.G261 Szpitale. Available online: https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/metadane/podgrupy/261 (accessed on 28 November 2020).
- Mahatody, T.; Sagar, M.; Kolski, C. State of the Art on the Cognitive Walkthrough Method, Its Variants and Evolutions. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact. 2010, 26, 741–785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Google PageSpeed Insights. Available online: https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/ (accessed on 28 November 2020).
- Blink Audit Tool. Available online: https://audyt.blink.pl/ (accessed on 28 November 2020).
- Backlink Checker. Available online: https://www.iwebtool.com/backlink_checker (accessed on 28 November 2020).
- WAVE Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool. Available online: https://wave.webaim.org/ (accessed on 28 November 2020).
- Mobile-Friendly Test (Bulk Testing Tool). Available online: https://technicalseo.com/tools/mobile-friendly/ (accessed on 28 November 2020).
- Wayback Machine. Internet Archive: Digital Library of the World Wide Web. Available online: https://archive.org/ (accessed on 28 November 2020).
- Word Cloud Generator. 2020. Available online: https://www.jasondavies.com/wordcloud (accessed on 20 November 2020).
- Dobbins, M.; Watson, S.; Read, K.; Graham, K.; Nooraie, R.Y.; Levinson, A.J. A Tool That Assesses the Evidence, Transparency, and Usability of Online Health Information: Development and Reliability Assessment. Jmir. Aging 2018, 1, e9216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cheng, C.; Dunn, M. How Well Are Health Information Websites Displayed on Mobile Phones? Implications for the Readability of Health Information. Health Promot. J. Aust. 2017, 28, 15–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Benito-Osorio, D.; Peris-Ortiz, M.; Armengot, C.R.; Colino, A. Web 5.0: The Future of Emotional Competences in Higher Education. Glob. Bus. Perspect 2013, 1, 274–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Voivodeship | No. of Infectious Disease Hospitals | Total Hospitals | Hospital Beds (Thousand) | Residents (Thousand) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dolnośląskie | 4 | 82 | 15 | 2900 |
Kujawsko-pomorskie | 4 | 41 | 10 | 2072 |
Lubelskie | 8 | 45 | 11 | 2108 |
Lubuskie | 2 | 24 | 4 | 1012 |
Łódzkie | 5 | 69 | 13 | 2455 |
Małopolskie | 10 | 88 | 15 | 3411 |
Mazowieckie | 10 | 121 | 26 | 5423 |
Opolskie | 3 | 30 | 4 | 983 |
Podkarpackie | 7 | 42 | 10 | 2127 |
Podlaskie | 8 | 34 | 6 | 1178 |
Pomorskie | 5 | 45 | 9 | 2344 |
Śląskie | 7 | 157 | 25 | 4518 |
Świętokrzyskie | 5 | 24 | 6 | 1234 |
Warmińsko-mazurskie | 5 | 43 | 6 | 1423 |
Wielkopolskie | 5 | 61 | 15 | 3499 |
Zachodniopomorskie | 3 | 43 | 8 | 1696 |
Total | 91 | 949 | 183 | 38,383 |
Id | Hospital Identifier |
---|---|
woj | Voivodeship |
www | Hospital website URL |
G_onr | Google–number of opinions |
G_oav | Google–mean opinion value |
G_mps | Google–Mobile PageSpeed Insights value |
G_dps | Google–Desktop PageSpeed Insights value |
S_seo | Blink Audit Tool–SEO value |
S_seos | Blink Audit Tool–semantic SEO value |
W_aim_e | WAVE accessibility–Errors |
W_aim_c | WAVE–contrast Errors |
W_aim_a | WAVE–Alerts |
B_blk | Backlink Checker–number of broken backlinks |
Mr_mf | Mobile readiness–Mobile-Friendly |
Mr_cv | Mobile readiness–Configure Viewport |
Mr_fvw | Mobile readiness–Fixed Width Viewport |
Mr_sctv | Mobile readiness–Size Content To Viewport |
Mr_ulfs | Mobile readiness–Use Legible Font Sizes |
Mr_tttc | Mobile readiness–Tap Targets Too Close |
Mr_uip | Mobile readiness–Uses Incompatible Plugins |
Ec | External company |
CMS | CMS designation |
HTML | HTML standard |
W_contr | Website contrast adjustment (accessibility feature) |
W_font | Website font adjustment (accessibility feature) |
S_http | Encrypted communication (http://, https://) |
Years | The number of years the new website has been available (analyzed in the Internet Archive) |
Comments | Comments for websites made during the cognitive walkthrough |
<head>(…)<link rel = ‘stylesheet’ id = ‘wp-block-library-css’ href = ‘http://zeromski-szpital.pl/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver = 5.5.1’ type = ‘text/css’ media = ‘all’ /> <link rel = ‘stylesheet’ id = ‘contact-form-7-css’ href = ‘http://zeromski-szpital.pl/wp-content */plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver = 5.2.2’ type = ‘text/css’ media = ‘all’ />(…) </head> |
Designation | Description | Number of Websites | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Mr_cv | Configure Viewport | 78 | 86 |
Mr_fvw | Fixed Width Viewport | 91 | 100 |
Mr_sctv | Size Content to Viewport | 86 | 95 |
Mr_ulfs | Use Legible Font Sizes | 71 | 78 |
Mr_tttc | Tap Targets too Close | 66 | 73 |
Mr_uip | Uses Incompatible Plugins | 91 | 100 |
Test Range | Good (>89) | Needs Improvement (50–89) | Poor (0–49) |
---|---|---|---|
PSI mobile–G_mps (%) | 3 (3%) | 30 (33%) | 58 (64%) |
PSI desktop–G_dps (%) | 13 (14%) | 55 (60%) | 23 (25%) |
Id. | AVE | SD | G_oav | G_mps | G_dps | S_seo | S_seos | W_aim_e | W_aim_c | W_aim_a | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G_oav | 2.84 | 0.6 | 1.00 | ||||||||
G_mps | 40.87 | 25.1 | −0.10 | 1.00 | |||||||
G_dps | 63.65 | 21.4 | −0.11 | 0.89 | 1.00 | ||||||
S_seo | 60.69 | 9.0 | −0.09 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 1.00 | |||||
S_seos | 63.93 | 12.4 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.55 | 1.00 | ||||
W_aim_e | 17.32 | 19.6 | 0.19 | −0.22 | −0.28 | −0.28 | −0.07 | 1.00 | |||
W_aim_c | 23.75 | 41.6 | 0.18 | −0.22 | −0.25 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 1.00 | ||
W_aim_a | 49.03 | 61.0 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 1.00 | |
Year | 4.67 | 2.6 | 0.01 | 0.66 | 0.55 | 0.04 | 0.06 | −0.02 | −0.28 | −0.04 | 1.00 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Król, K.; Zdonek, D. The Quality of Infectious Disease Hospital Websites in Poland in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020642
Król K, Zdonek D. The Quality of Infectious Disease Hospital Websites in Poland in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020642
Chicago/Turabian StyleKról, Karol, and Dariusz Zdonek. 2021. "The Quality of Infectious Disease Hospital Websites in Poland in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020642
APA StyleKról, K., & Zdonek, D. (2021). The Quality of Infectious Disease Hospital Websites in Poland in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020642