Brazil’s Actions and Reactions in the Fight against COVID-19 from January to March 2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Findings
3.1. Case Presentation
3.1.1. Brazil’s Context
3.1.2. Brazil’s Health System
3.1.3. Epidemiological Situation
3.2. Management and Outcome
3.2.1. Non-Pharmaceutical Measures
3.2.2. Economy
3.2.3. Social and Political Disruption/Media Coverage
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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State | HDI | GDP | Population | Sanitation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HDI | GDP ($100,000) | % | Population | % | Density (pop/km2) | Access to Clean Water (% pop) | Access to Sewage CollectionService (% pop) | ||
North | 0.730 | 1,061,739.73 | 5.5% | 18,430,980 | 8.8% | 4.79 | 57.0% | 10.5% | |
RO | Rondônia | 0.725 | 123,052.05 | 0.6% | 1,777,225 | 0.8% | 7.47 | 49.4% | 4.9% |
AC | Acre | 0.719 | 42,002.74 | 0.2% | 881,935 | 0.4% | 5.37 | 47.1% | 10.1% |
AM | Amazonas | 0.733 | 274,271.23 | 1.4% | 4,144,597 | 2.0% | 2.66 | 81.1% | 10.0% |
RR | Roraima | 0.752 | 36,630.14 | 0.2% | 605,761 | 0.3% | 2.70 | 81.5% | 51.7% |
PA | Pará | 0.698 | 442,054.79 | 2.3% | 8,602,865 | 4.1% | 6.91 | 45.6% | 5.2% |
AP | Amapá | 0.740 | 46,013.70 | 0.2% | 845,731 | 0.4% | 5.94 | 34.9% | 7.1% |
TO | Tocantins | 0.743 | 97,715.07 | 0.5% | 1,572,866 | 0.7% | 5.66 | 79.3% | 26.4% |
Northeast | 0.711 | 2,752,953.42 | 14.3% | 57,071,654 | 27.2% | 36.77 | 74.2% | 28.0% | |
MA | Maranhão | 0.687 | 268,983.56 | 1.4% | 7,075,181 | 3.4% | 21.46 | 56.4% | 13.8% |
PI | Piauí | 0.697 | 138,021.92 | 0.7% | 3,273,227 | 1.6% | 13.01 | 75.9% | 14.4% |
CE | Ceará | 0.735 | 427,134.25 | 2.2% | 9,132,078 | 4.3% | 61.33 | 59.0% | 25.5% |
RN | Rio Grande do Norte | 0.731 | 183,479.45 | 1.0% | 3,506,853 | 1.7% | 66.41 | 87.1% | 23.8% |
PB | Paraíba | 0.722 | 176,367.12 | 0.9% | 4,018,127 | 1.9% | 71.16 | 74.3% | 36.1% |
PE | Pernambuco | 0.727 | 510,553.42 | 2.7% | 9,557,071 | 4.5% | 97.45 | 80.5% | 27.5% |
AL | Alagoas | 0.683 | 149,076.71 | 0.8% | 3,337,357 | 1.6% | 119.86 | 74.6% | 21.3% |
SE | Sergipe | 0.702 | 115,117.81 | 0.6% | 2,298,696 | 1.1% | 104.83 | 86.9% | 25.5% |
BA | Bahia | 0.714 | 784,219.18 | 4.1% | 14,873,064 | 7.1% | 26.34 | 81.6% | 39.5% |
Centre-West | 0.790 | 1,903,865.75 | 9.9% | 16,297,074 | 7.8% | 10.15 | 89.0% | 52.9% | |
MS | Mato Grosso do Sul | 0.766 | 293,065.75 | 1.5% | 3,484,466 | 1.7% | 9.76 | 86.4% | 49.5% |
MT | Mato Grosso | 0.774 | 376,556.16 | 2.0% | 2,778,986 | 1.3% | 3.08 | 89.3% | 35.6% |
GO | Goiás | 0.769 | 536,115.07 | 2.8% | 7,018,354 | 3.3% | 20.63 | 85.5% | 46.4% |
DF | Distrito Federal | 0.850 | 698,128.77 | 3.6% | 3,015,268 | 1.4% | 523.41 | 99.0% | 89.3% |
Southeast | 0.795 | 10,195,389.04 | 53.1% | 88,371,433 | 42.1% | 95.58 | 91.0% | 79.2% | |
MG | Minas Gerais | 0.787 | 1,684,591.78 | 8.8% | 21,168,791 | 10.1% | 36.09 | 82.1% | 72.1% |
ES | Espírito Santo | 0.772 | 375,397.26 | 2.0% | 4,018,650 | 1.9% | 87.22 | 81.2% | 54.9% |
RJ | Rio de Janeiro | 0.796 | 2,079,065.75 | 10.8% | 17,264,943 | 8.2% | 394.62 | 90.5% | 65.3% |
SP | São Paulo | 0.826 | 6,056,334.25 | 31.6% | 45,919,049 | 21.9% | 184.99 | 96.2% | 89.8% |
South | 0.796 | 3,275,479.45 | 17.1% | 29,975,984 | 14.3% | 51.97 | 90.2% | 45.2% | |
PR | Paraná | 0.792 | 1,205,558.90 | 6.3% | 11,433,957 | 5.4% | 57.37 | 94.4% | 71.4% |
SC | Santa Catarina | 0.808 | 817,060.27 | 4.3% | 7,164,788 | 3.4% | 74.84 | 89.1% | 23.7% |
RS | Rio Grande do Sul | 0.787 | 1,252,860.27 | 6.5% | 11,377,239 | 5.4% | 40.39 | 86.4% | 32.1% |
Brazil | 0.778 | 19,189,427.40 | 100% | 210,147,125 | 100.0% | 24.69 | 83.6% | 53.1% |
Target Population | Value (R$ Billion) | Value (US$ Billion) |
---|---|---|
Elderly people | 46.0 | 9.0 |
Workers in the formal sector | 32.8 | 6.4 |
Workers in the informal sector | 45.0 | 8.8 |
Companies | 77.7 | 15.2 |
Health system | 19.9 | 3.9 |
Cities | 50.6 | 9.9 |
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Szylovec, A.; Umbelino-Walker, I.; Cain, B.N.; Ng, H.T.; Flahault, A.; Rozanova, L. Brazil’s Actions and Reactions in the Fight against COVID-19 from January to March 2020. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020555
Szylovec A, Umbelino-Walker I, Cain BN, Ng HT, Flahault A, Rozanova L. Brazil’s Actions and Reactions in the Fight against COVID-19 from January to March 2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020555
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzylovec, Ana, Isis Umbelino-Walker, Brittany Nicole Cain, Hoi Tung Ng, Antoine Flahault, and Liudmila Rozanova. 2021. "Brazil’s Actions and Reactions in the Fight against COVID-19 from January to March 2020" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020555