Association between Influenza Vaccine Administration and Primary Care Consultations for Respiratory Infections: Sentinel Network Study of Five Seasons (2014/2015–2018/2019) in the UK
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Design
2.2. Study Period and Study Population
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. Vaccine Type
3.3. Primary Care Consultations
3.4. Timing of Consultations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2014/2015 | 2015/2016 | 2016/2017 | 2017/2018 | 2018/2019 | All Years | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants | 702,402 | 750,819 | 783,157 | 802,001 | 803,321 | 3,841,700 | ||||||
Sex (%) | ||||||||||||
Female | 385,186 | (54.8) | 409,582 | (54.6) | 424,536 | (54.2) | 435,135 | (54.3) | 434,291 | (54.1) | 2,088,730 | (54.4) |
Male | 317,216 | (45.2) | 341,237 | (45.4) | 358,621 | (45.8) | 366,866 | (45.7) | 369,030 | (45.9) | 1,752,970 | (45.6) |
Age Band (%) | ||||||||||||
<1 | 566 | (0.1) | 348 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 914 | (0) |
1–4 | 51,980 | (7.4) | 63,324 | (8.4) | 61,750 | (7.9) | 35,120 | (4.4) | 15,480 | (1.9) | 227,654 | (5.9) |
5–9 | 10,953 | (1.6) | 22,096 | (2.9) | 29,722 | (3.8) | 35,178 | (4.4) | 44,403 | (5.5) | 142,352 | (3.7) |
10–14 | 10,965 | (1.6) | 9084 | (1.2) | 9569 | (1.2) | 10,518 | (1.3) | 10,117 | (1.3) | 50,253 | (1.3) |
15–19 | 5782 | (0.8) | 6117 | (0.8) | 6633 | (0.8) | 7708 | (1) | 7529 | (0.9) | 33,769 | (0.9) |
20–24 | 7628 | (1.1) | 7478 | (1) | 7170 | (0.9) | 7356 | (0.9) | 6595 | (0.8) | 36,227 | (0.9) |
25–29 | 11,289 | (1.6) | 11,060 | (1.5) | 10,682 | (1.4) | 10,669 | (1.3) | 8,971 | (1.1) | 52,671 | (1.4) |
30–34 | 15,079 | (2.1) | 14,592 | (1.9) | 14,123 | (1.8) | 14,277 | (1.8) | 12,162 | (1.5) | 70,233 | (1.8) |
35–39 | 15,926 | (2.3) | 15,930 | (2.1) | 15,937 | (2) | 16,534 | (2.1) | 14,930 | (1.9) | 79,257 | (2.1) |
40–44 | 21,759 | (3.1) | 21,568 | (2.9) | 21,038 | (2.7) | 21,446 | (2.7) | 18,901 | (2.4) | 104,712 | (2.7) |
45–49 | 28,825 | (4.1) | 29,130 | (3.9) | 29,380 | (3.8) | 31,333 | (3.9) | 29,072 | (3.6) | 147,740 | (3.9) |
50–54 | 35,914 | (5.1) | 37,061 | (4.9) | 38,065 | (4.9) | 40,962 | (5.1) | 38,991 | (4.9) | 190,993 | (5) |
55–59 | 42,264 | (6) | 43,520 | (5.8) | 45,624 | (5.8) | 48,899 | (6.1) | 47,963 | (6) | 228,270 | (5.9) |
60–64 | 69,334 | (9.9) | 67,642 | (9) | 67,858 | (8.7) | 71,451 | (8.9) | 69,384 | (8.6) | 345,669 | (9) |
65–69 | 130,530 | (18.6) | 131,239 | (17.5) | 132,257 | (16.9) | 132,361 | (16.5) | 124,932 | (15.6) | 651,319 | (17) |
70–74 | 100,488 | (14.3) | 107,254 | (14.3) | 112,618 | (14.4) | 121,626 | (15.2) | 134,622 | (16.8) | 576,608 | (15) |
75–79 | 77,286 | (11) | 84,202 | (11.2) | 88,337 | (11.3) | 90,357 | (11.3) | 95,964 | (11.9) | 436,146 | (11.4) |
80–84 | 44,375 | (6.3) | 51,215 | (6.8) | 57,330 | (7.3) | 62,973 | (7.9) | 69,811 | (8.7) | 285,704 | (7.4) |
85–89 | 17,170 | (2.4) | 21,677 | (2.9) | 26,373 | (3.4) | 31,553 | (3.9) | 37,780 | (4.7) | 134,553 | (3.5) |
90–94 | 3996 | (0.6) | 5772 | (0.8) | 7659 | (1) | 9991 | (1.2) | 13,069 | (1.6) | 40,487 | (1.1) |
95+ | 293 | (0) | 510 | (0.1) | 1032 | (0.1) | 1689 | (0.2) | 2645 | (0.3) | 6169 | (0.2) |
2014/2015 | 2015/2016 | 2016/2017 | 2017/2018 | 2018/2019 | All Years | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valency, Route (%) | ||||||||||||
TRI, LAIV | 720 | (0.1) | 43 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 763 | (0) |
TRI, IIV | 627,720 | (89.4) | 646,975 | (86.2) | 65,2191 | (83) | 466,050 | (58.1) | 1655 | (0.2) | 2,394,591 | (62.3) |
QUAD, LAIV | 66,605 | (9.5) | 88,809 | (11.8) | 96,617 | (12) | 77,192 | (9.6) | 68,783 | (8.6) | 398,006 | (10.4) |
QUAD, IIV | 7357 | (1) | 14,991 | (2) | 34,349 | (4) | 258,759 | (32.3) | 235,125 | (29.3) | 550,581 | (14.3) |
aTIV, IIV | 0 | (0) | 1 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 497,758 | (62) | 497,759 | (13) |
Total | 702,402 | 750,819 | 783,157 | 802,001 | 803,321 | 3,841,700 |
ARTI Consultations | ILI Consultations | No Consultations | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccine Valency, Route (%) | |||||||
TRI, LAIV | 79 | (10.3) | 2 | (2.6) | 682 | (89.4) | 763 |
TRI, IIV | 106,850 | (4.5) | 9946 | (0.4) | 2,277,795 | (95.1) | 2,394,591 |
QUAD, LAIV | 73,042 | (18.4) | 649 | (0.2) | 324,315 | (81.5) | 398,006 |
QUAD, IIV | 28,912 | (5.3) | 2947 | (0.5) | 518,722 | (94.2) | 550,581 |
aTIV, IIV | 14,099 | (2.8) | 1488 | (0.3) | 482,172 | (96.9) | 497,759 |
All vaccinations | 222,982 | (5.8) | 15,032 | (0.4) | 3,603,686 | (93.8) | 3,841,700 |
Year | Exposure Risk Period | ARTI | ILI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI | CI (95%) | p-Value | RI | CI (95%) | p-Value | ||
Pre-vaccination −14 to −1 days | |||||||
2014/2015 | 0.83 | 0.77–0.88 | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.66–1.16 | 0.36 | |
2015/2016 | 0.75 | 0.70–0.80 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.70–1.30 | 0.77 | |
2016/2017 | 0.78 | 0.72–0.84 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.39–0.86 | 0.0062 | |
2017/2018 | 0.83 | 0.78–0.90 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.43–0.83 | 0.0019 | |
2018/2019 | 0.81 | 0.75–0.88 | <0.001 | 0.76 | 0.53–1.08 | 0.12 | |
All years (2014–2019) | 0.81 | 0.77–0.84 | <0.001 | 0.76 | 0.66–0.88 | <0.001 | |
Post-vaccination 0–14 days | |||||||
2014/2015 | 1.09 | 1.04–1.14 | <0.001 | 1.01 | 0.82–1.24 | 0.93 | |
2015/2016 | 1.11 | 1.06–1.16 | <0.001 | 1.58 | 1.30–1.92 | <0.001 | |
2016/2017 | 1.30 | 1.24–1.36 | <0.001 | 1.26 | 1.01–1.56 | 0.039 | |
2017/2018 | 1.27 | 1.21–1.33 | <0.001 | 1.08 | 0.89–1.31 | 0.43 | |
2018/2019 | 1.25 | 1.10–1.32 | <0.001 | 1.35 | 1.09–1.67 | 0.0054 | |
All years (2014–2019) | 1.28 | 1.24–1.31 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 1.13–1.36 | <0.001 | |
Post-vaccination 15–90 days | |||||||
2014/2015 | 0.97 | 0.93–1.01 | 0.20 | 0.87 | 0.74–1.03 | 0.11 | |
2015/2016 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.04 | 0.92 | 1.04 | 0.89–1.23 | 0.60 | |
2016/2017 | 1.09 | 1.04–1.13 | <0.001 | 1.02 | 0.84–1.24 | 0.81 | |
2017/2018 | 1.02 | 0.98–1.06 | 0.31 | 0.87 | 0.75–1.02 | 0.08 | |
2018/2019 | 1.04 | 0.99–1.09 | 0.089 | 0.89 | 0.74–1.07 | 0.21 | |
All years (2014–2019) | 1.06 | 1.03–1.08 | <0.001 | 0.93 | 0.86–1.00 | 0.06 | |
Post-vaccination 91–180 days | |||||||
2014/2015 | 0.99 | 0.94–1.05 | 0.79 | 0.88 | 0.72–1.08 | 0.22 | |
2015/2016 | 1.00 | 0.95–1.05 | 0.99 | 1.07 | 0.89–1.29 | 0.47 | |
2016/2017 | 1.15 | 1.09–1.21 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 0.82–1.33 | 0.73 | |
2017/2018 | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | 0.77 | 0.98 | 0.82–1.17 | 0.81 | |
2018/2019 | 0.96 | 0.91–1.02 | 0.18 | 0.93 | 0.75–1.16 | 0.53 | |
All years (2014–2019) | 1.05 | 1.02–1.08 | 0.0034 | 1.01 | 0.93–1.11 | 0.77 |
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Parimalanathan, V.; Joy, M.; Van Dam, P.J.; Fan, X.; de Lusignan, S. Association between Influenza Vaccine Administration and Primary Care Consultations for Respiratory Infections: Sentinel Network Study of Five Seasons (2014/2015–2018/2019) in the UK. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020523
Parimalanathan V, Joy M, Van Dam PJ, Fan X, de Lusignan S. Association between Influenza Vaccine Administration and Primary Care Consultations for Respiratory Infections: Sentinel Network Study of Five Seasons (2014/2015–2018/2019) in the UK. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020523
Chicago/Turabian StyleParimalanathan, Vaishnavi, Mark Joy, Pieter Jan Van Dam, Xuejuan Fan, and Simon de Lusignan. 2021. "Association between Influenza Vaccine Administration and Primary Care Consultations for Respiratory Infections: Sentinel Network Study of Five Seasons (2014/2015–2018/2019) in the UK" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020523