Sleep Quality, Mental and Physical Health: A Differential Relationship
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Association between Sleep Quality and Physical Health-Related Quality of Life
3.3. Association between Sleep Quality and Mental Health-Related Quality of Life
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Male | Female | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 72 (21.4) | 265 (78.6) | 337 (100) |
Mean (SD) | |||
Age (SD) * | 19.11 (1.67) | 19.77 (2.33) | 19.63 (2.22) |
PSQI Global Score | 6.69 (2.85) | 7.11 (3.43) | 7.03 (3.32) |
Subjective sleep quality | 1.10 (0.67) | 1.28 (0.72) | 1.24 (0.71) |
Sleep latency (in minutes) | 34.93 (27.96) | 30.72 (28.34) | 31.62 (28.27) |
Sleep duration (in hours) | 6.82 (1.40) | 6.89 (1.40) | 6.88 (1.39) |
Sleep efficiency (%) | 86.87 (22.00) | 82.36 (19.68) | 83.31 (20.40) |
Sleep disturbances | 5.83 (3.14) | 6.62 (3.64) | 6.45 (3.55) |
Use of sleeping medication | 0.28 (0.68) | 0.31 (0.76) | 0.30 (0.74) |
Daytime dysfunction | 1.13 (0.80) | 1.32 (0.83) | 1.28 (0.83) |
Physical health | 54.13 (6.30) | 53.05 (7.10) | 53.28 (6.94) |
Mental health | 41.26 (13.83) | 38.40 (13.27) | 39.01 (13.42) |
Exercise * | 12.63 (5.03) | 9.92 (5.22) | 10.50 (5.29) |
Stress * | 3.81 (1.22) | 3.22 (1.14) | 3.35 (1.18) |
Diet | 6.96 (2.77) | 6.98 (3.29) | 6.98 (3.18) |
Coefficient | 95% Confident Interval | p | Beta | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global Sleep Quality (unadjusted model) | −0.362 | −0.590 | −0.133 | 0.002 | −0.172 | |
Global Sleep Quality (adjusted model) | −0.290 | −0.522 | −0.057 | 0.015 | −0.138 | |
Subjective Sleep Quality sub-scale (unadjusted model; reference category: fairly good) | ||||||
good | −0.156 | −2.461 | 2.149 | 0.894 | −0.011 | |
bad | −2.459 | −4.967 | 0.049 | 0.055 | −0.159 | |
very bad | −6.502 | −10.644 | −2.360 | 0.002 | −0.187 | |
Subjective Sleep Quality sub-scale (adjusted model; reference category: fairly good) | ||||||
good | 0.306 | −2.008 | 2.620 | 0.795 | 0.022 | |
bad | −1.769 | −4.311 | 0.773 | 0.172 | −0.114 | |
very bad | −4.968 | −9.170 | −0.766 | 0.021 | −0.143 | |
Sleep Latency (unadjusted model) | −0.011 | −0.038 | 0.015 | 0.396 | −0.046 | |
Sleep Latency (adjusted model) | −0.009 | −0.035 | 0.017 | 0.501 | −0.036 | |
Sleep Duration (unadjusted model) | 0.393 | −0.153 | 0.938 | 0.158 | 0.078 | |
Sleep Duration (adjusted model) | 0.395 | −0.158 | 0.948 | 0.161 | 0.079 | |
Sleep Efficiency (unadjusted model) | −0.004 | −0.041 | 0.034 | 0.854 | −0.010 | |
Sleep Efficiency (adjusted model) | −0.007 | −0.044 | 0.030 | 0.707 | −0.021 | |
Sleep Disturbances (unadjusted model) | −0.360 | −0.567 | −0.154 | 0.001 | −0.184 | |
Sleep Disturbances (adjusted model) | −0.322 | −0.528 | −0.117 | 0.002 | −0.165 | |
Use of sleeping medication (unadjusted model; reference category: not during the past month) | ||||||
Less than once a week | 0.212 | −2.239 | 2.662 | 0.865 | 0.009 | |
Once or twice a week | −2.269 | −6.468 | 1.930 | 0.289 | −0.058 | |
Three or more times a week | −2.645 | −6.266 | 0.976 | 0.152 | −0.079 | |
Use of sleeping medication (adjusted model; reference category: not during the past month) | ||||||
Less than once a week | 0.056 | −2.360 | 2.473 | 0.963 | 0.002 | |
Once or twice a week | −1.399 | −5.586 | 2.789 | 0.512 | −0.036 | |
Three or more times a week | −2.482 | −6.026 | 1.062 | 0.169 | −0.074 | |
Day time dysfunction (unadjusted model; reference category: 0 points) | ||||||
1 or 2 points | 1.073 | −1.011 | 3.158 | 0.312 | 0.077 | |
3 or 4 points | −1.154 | −3.333 | 1.025 | 0.298 | −0.078 | |
5 or 6 points | −1.117 | −4.501 | 2.267 | 0.517 | −0.040 | |
Day time dysfunction (adjusted model; reference category: 0 points) | ||||||
1 or 2 points | 1.103 | −0.943 | 3.149 | 0.290 | 0.079 | |
3 or 4 points | −0.706 | −2.863 | 1.450 | 0.520 | −0.048 | |
5 or 6 points | −0.475 | −3.936 | 2.986 | 0.787 | −0.017 |
Coefficient | 95% Confident Interval | p | Beta | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global Sleep Quality (unadjusted model) | −1.674 | −2.084 | −1.264 | <0.001 | −0.410 | |
Global Sleep Quality (adjusted model) | −1.419 | −1.835 | −1.002 | <0.001 | −0.348 | |
Subjective Sleep Quality sub-scale (unadjusted model; reference category: fairly good) | ||||||
good | −5.132 | −9.490 | −0.773 | 0.021 | −0.190 | |
bad | −11.122 | −15.865 | −6.380 | <0.001 | −0.371 | |
very bad | −16.377 | −24.208 | −8.546 | <0.001 | −0.244 | |
Subjective Sleep Quality sub-scale (adjusted model; reference category: fairly good) | ||||||
good | −3.040 | −7.336 | 1.255 | 0.165 | −0.113 | |
bad | −8.064 | −12.783 | −3.346 | 0.001 | −0.269 | |
very bad | −11.937 | −19.738 | −4.136 | 0.003 | −0.178 | |
Sleep Latency (unadjusted model) | −0.030 | −0.081 | 0.021 | 0.248 | −0.063 | |
Sleep Latency (adjusted model) | −0.023 | −0.072 | 0.025 | 0.349 | −0.049 | |
Sleep Duration (unadjusted model) | 1.829 | 0.794 | 2.865 | 0.001 | 0.189 | |
Sleep Duration (adjusted model) | 1.253 | 0.220 | 2.286 | 0.018 | 0.129 | |
Sleep Efficiency (unadjusted model) | 0.112 | 0.041 | 0.183 | 0.002 | 0.170 | |
Sleep Efficiency (adjusted model) | 0.090 | 0.022 | 0.159 | 0.010 | 0.136 | |
Sleep Disturbances (unadjusted model) | −1.257 | −1.640 | −0.874 | <0.001 | −0.333 | |
Sleep Disturbances (adjusted model) | −1.092 | −1.464 | −0.719 | <0.001 | −0.289 | |
Use of sleeping medication (unadjusted model; reference category: not during the past month) | ||||||
Less than once a week | −4.601 | −9.232 | 0.029 | 0.051 | −0.105 | |
Once or twice a week | −14.231 | −22.166 | −6.297 | <0.001 | −0.189 | |
Three or more times a week | −7.153 | −13.994 | −0.311 | 0.041 | −0.110 | |
Use of sleeping medication (adjusted model; reference category: not during the past month) | ||||||
Less than once a week | −4.226 | −8.684 | 0.232 | 0.063 | −0.096 | |
Once or twice a week | −10.792 | −18.517 | −3.066 | 0.006 | −0.143 | |
Three or more times a week | −6.536 | −13.075 | 0.003 | 0.050 | −0.101 | |
Day time dysfunction (unadjusted model; reference category: 0 points) | ||||||
1 or 2 points | −6.338 | −9.955 | −2.720 | 0.001 | −0.234 | |
3 or 4 points | −12.480 | −16.262 | −8.698 | <0.001 | −0.437 | |
5 or 6 points | −24.964 | −30.837 | −19.090 | <0.001 | −0.460 | |
Day time dysfunction (adjusted model; reference category: 0 points) | ||||||
1 or 2 points | −6.060 | −9.587 | −2.533 | 0.001 | −0.224 | |
3 or 4 points | −11.363 | −15.081 | −7.647 | <0.001 | −0.398 | |
5 or 6 points | −21.550 | −27.515 | −15.584 | <0.001 | −0.397 |
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Clement-Carbonell, V.; Portilla-Tamarit, I.; Rubio-Aparicio, M.; Madrid-Valero, J.J. Sleep Quality, Mental and Physical Health: A Differential Relationship. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020460
Clement-Carbonell V, Portilla-Tamarit I, Rubio-Aparicio M, Madrid-Valero JJ. Sleep Quality, Mental and Physical Health: A Differential Relationship. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020460
Chicago/Turabian StyleClement-Carbonell, Violeta, Irene Portilla-Tamarit, María Rubio-Aparicio, and Juan J Madrid-Valero. 2021. "Sleep Quality, Mental and Physical Health: A Differential Relationship" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020460