Maternal Psychological Distress and Children’s Internalizing/Externalizing Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Role Played by Hypermentalization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
3. Results
3.1. Statistical Analyses
3.2. Preliminary Analysis
3.3. Moderated Mediation Model
4. Discussion
4.1. Differences between Families Living in Northern Italy vs. Southern Italy
4.2. The Effects of COVID-19 Exposure on Maternal and Children’s Psychological Outcomes
4.3. The Role of RFQ in the Interplay among COVID-19 Exposure and Maternal and Children’s Psychological Outcomes
4.4. Limits
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Psychological Variables | M (SD) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal COVID-19 exposure | 0.66 (1.1) | 0.159 ** | 0.064 | 0.213 *** | 0.106 | 0.273 *** | 0.043 | 0.076 | 0.055 | 0.010 | 0.043 |
Maternal Distress (1) | 1.58 (.37) | 0.347 *** | 0.489 *** | 0.428 *** | 0.281 *** | −0.049 | 0.073 | −0.035 | −0.079 | 0.064 | |
Maternal hypermentalization (2) | 0.57 (0.58) | 0.406 *** | 0.344 *** | 0.236 *** | −0.004 | 0.132 ** | 0.031 | −0.071 | −0.155 ** | ||
Child’s anxious/depressed problems (3) | 58.72 (7.9) | 0.528 *** | 0.442 *** | 0.015 | 0.217 *** | 0.012 | −0.063 | 0.020 | |||
Child’s attention problems (4) | 55.97 (7.1) | 0.507 *** | −0.092 | −0.042 | −0.038 | −0.081 | -0.014 | ||||
Child’s aggressive behaviors (5) | 66.11 (14.9) | −0.138 * | 0.056 | −0.097 | −0.090 | 0.174 | |||||
Child’s age (6) | 10.3 (2.4) | −0.10 * | 0.139 * | 0.394 ** | −0.059 | ||||||
Child’s gender (7) | 0.088 | −0.067 | −0.056 | ||||||||
Family size (8) | 2 (0.5) | −0.010 | −0.065 | ||||||||
Maternal age (9) | 41.9 (5.26) | 0.129 * | |||||||||
Maternal educational level (10) | - |
Variables | Maternal Distress | Children’s Anxious/Depressed Problems | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | [95% CI] | β | SE | [95% CI] | |
Constant | 0.120 | 0.122 | [−0.12; 0.36] | 53.419 *** | 2.390 | [48.71; 58.12] |
Children’s age | −0.007 | 0.008 | [−0.02; 0.01] | 0.152 | 0.160 | [−0.16; 0.47] |
Children’s gender | 0.013 | 0.039 | [−0.64; 0.09] | 2.746 ** | 0.767 | [1.24; 4.26] |
Family size | −0.033 | 0.036 | [−0.10; 0.04] | −0.24 | 0.699 | [−1.62; 1.14] |
Maternal COVID-19 exposure | 0.061 ** | 0.017 | [0.03; 0.09] | 0.78 * | 0.342 | [0.10; 1.45] |
Maternal hypermentalization | 0.221 *** | 0.034 | [0.15; 0.29] | 3.212 *** | 0.730 | [1.77; 4.65] |
Maternal COVID-19 exposure X Maternal hypermentalization | 0.030 | 0.026 | [−0.02; 0.08] | −1.08 * | 0.527 | [−2.12; −0.04] |
Maternal distress | - | - | - | 7.612 *** | 1.194 | [5.26; 9.96] |
Maternal distress X maternal hypermentalization | - | - | - | 1.868 | 1.581 | [−1.24; 4.98] |
F | (6, 297) = 1.369 *** | (8, 295) = 19.754 *** | ||||
R2 | 0.19 | 0.35 |
Variables | Maternal Distress | Children’s Attention Problems | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | [95% CI] | β | SE | [95% CI] | |
Constant | 0.120 | 0.122 | [−0.12; 0.36] | 60.449 *** | 2.27 | [55.97; 64.92] |
Children’s age | −0.007 | 0.008 | [−0.02; 0.01] | −0.274 | 0.152 | [−0.57; 0.02] |
Children’s gender | 0.011 | 0.039 | [−0.06; 0.09] | −0.843 | 0.729 | [−2.28; 0.59] |
Family size | −0.033 | 0.035 | [−0.10; 0.04] | −0.391 | 0.665 | [−1.70; 0.92] |
Maternal COVID-19 exposure | 0.061 ** | 0.017 | [0.03; 0.09] | 0.173 | 0.325 | [−0.47; 0.81] |
Maternal hypermentalization | 0.220 *** | 0.340 | [0.15; 0.29] | 2.158 ** | 0.694 | [0.79; 3.52] |
Maternal COVID-19 exposure X Maternal hypermentalization | 0.031 | 0.026 | [−0.02; 0.08] | −0.511 | 0.502 | [−1.498; 0.477] |
Maternal distress | − | − | − | 5.244 *** | 1.135 | [3.01; 7.48] |
Maternal distress X Maternal hypermentalization | − | − | − | 5.617 *** | 1.504 | [2.66; 8.58] |
F | (6, 298) = 11.350 *** | (8, 296) = 13.499 *** | ||||
R2 | 0.19 | 0.27 |
Variables | Maternal Distress | Children’s Aggressive Problems | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | [95% CI] | β | SE | [95% CI] | |
Constant | 0.121 | 0.122 | [−0.12; 0.36] | 77.885 *** | 4.983 | [66.08; 87.69] |
Children’s age | −0.007 | 0.008 | [−0.02; 0.01] | −0.820 * | 0.334 | [−1.48; −0.16] |
Children’s gender | 0.012 | 0.039 | [−0.06; 0.09] | 0.873 | 1.597 | [−2.27; 4.02] |
Family size | −0.033 | 0.036 | [−0.10; 0.04] | −2.766 | 1.459 | [−5.64; 0.10] |
Maternal COVID-19 exposure | 0.061 *** | 0.017 | [0.03; 0.09] | 2.276 *** | 0.713 | [0.87; 3.68] |
Maternal hypermentalization | 0.221 *** | 0.034 | 0.15; 0.29] | 2.412 | 1.522 | [−0.58; 5.41] |
Maternal COVID-19 exposure X Maternal hypermentalization | 0.031 | 0.026 | [−0.02; 0.08] | 0.690 | 1.099 | [−1.47; 2.85] |
Maternal distress | - | - | - | 3.774 | 2.487 | [−1.12; 8.67] |
Maternal distress X Maternal hypermentalization | - | - | - | 12.226 *** | 3.295 | [5.74; 18.71] |
F | (6, 298) = 11.350 *** | (8, 296) = 9.074 *** | ||||
R2 | 0.19 | 0.20 |
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Bianco, F.; Levante, A.; Petrocchi, S.; Lecciso, F.; Castelli, I. Maternal Psychological Distress and Children’s Internalizing/Externalizing Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Role Played by Hypermentalization. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910450
Bianco F, Levante A, Petrocchi S, Lecciso F, Castelli I. Maternal Psychological Distress and Children’s Internalizing/Externalizing Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Role Played by Hypermentalization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910450
Chicago/Turabian StyleBianco, Federica, Annalisa Levante, Serena Petrocchi, Flavia Lecciso, and Ilaria Castelli. 2021. "Maternal Psychological Distress and Children’s Internalizing/Externalizing Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Role Played by Hypermentalization" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910450