Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Collection and Initial Preparation
2.2. Method Comparisons on St. John’s Contaminated Soil
- (1)
- The US EPA method 3050B was performed at Maxxam Analytics in Bedford, Nova Scotia, an accredited ISO 17,025 certified laboratory that conducts analysis with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The detection limit for Pb in soil is 0.5 mg/kg [3]. The method is not a total metal extraction technique because elements bound in silicate structures are not normally dissolved by this procedure [3]. Then, after analysis with the US EPA Method 3050B, the results, along with the dried and sieved St. John’s NL soil samples (N = 96), were shipped to Tulane University in New Orleans to conduct Pb analysis using the following three Pb analysis methods:
- (2)
- (3)
- Chaney–Mielke extraction (1 M nitric acid) is a room temperature leachate extraction consisting of 400 mg of <63 µm particle size sample, mixed with 20 mL 1 mol/L nitric acid for 2 h on a shaker, followed by centrifuging, filtering, and analysis with an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Detection limit for Pb is 2 mg/kg [25].
- (4)
- The relative bioaccessibility leaching procedure (RBALP) is also known as US EPA method 1340 [6]. One gram of <63 µm soil sample was added with 100 mL of 0.4 M glycine buffer, pH 1.5, preheated to 37 °C, in a 125 mL HDPE bottle and placed into a rotating shaker located in a 37 °C incubator for 1 h at 30 ± 2 rpm speed. The solution pH was frequently checked and adjusted with HCL to 1.5 ± 0.05. After 1 h, an aliquot of suspension was collected and filtered through 0.45 μm filters followed by ICP-OES measurement. The detection limit for Pb is 2 mg/kg [26].
2.3. Measurements of Agreement
3. Results
Comparison of the Four Soil Pb Analysis Methods
4. Discussion
4.1. Practical Matters concerning Soil Pb Analysis Methods on soils St. John’s NL
4.2. Children’s Blood Pb in St. John’s
4.3. City Size, Lead Particle Pollution, and Exposure Risk Factors
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Method | Comparison | ℜ | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb (mg/kg) | pXRF | EPA3050B | 1 M Nitric | RBALP | |||
N | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | pXRF vs. EPA 3050B | 0.832 | <0.0001 |
min | 15 | 13 | 10 | 7 | pXRF vs. 1 M nitric | 0.765 | <0.0001 |
5% | 15 | 16 | 13 | 10 | pXRF vs. RBALP | 0.552 | <0.0001 |
10% | 15 | 21 | 17 | 11 | EPA 3050B vs. 1 M nitric | 0.833 | <0.0001 |
25% | 26 | 31 | 28 | 21 | EPA 3050B vs. RBALP | 0.609 | <0.0001 |
50% | 113 | 103 | 84 | 59 | 1 M nitric vs. RBALP | 0.741 | <0.0001 |
75% | 396 | 328 | 297 | 203 | All four methods | 0.727 | <0.0001 |
90% | 777 | 726 | 551 | 405 | |||
95% | 953 | 903 | 718 | 522 | |||
max | 2058 | 1900 | 1410 | 1295 |
EPA 3050B | pXRF | 1 M nitric | RBALP | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Equipment needs | Microwave apparatus, Teflon vessels, ICP-MS | Handheld XRF instrument | Shaker, centrifuge, AAS or ICP-OES | Special apparatus, ICP-OES |
Soil preparation | Heat drying, grinding, sieving | None to drying for reducing moisture (over 20%) | Indoor air drying and sieving | Several steps required to maintain pH |
Mimic stomach pH | No | Not applicable | No * | Assumed to be yes |
Physiological temperature | Operates at high pressures and temperatures | Not applicable | No, room temperature * | Yes |
Safety | Special venting, concentrated acid | Radiation hazard training | Safe in open laboratory, dilute acid | Safe chemicals |
Sample throughput | Low | High | High | Low |
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Gonzales, C.R.; Paltseva, A.A.; Bell, T.; Powell, E.T.; Mielke, H.W. Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189863
Gonzales CR, Paltseva AA, Bell T, Powell ET, Mielke HW. Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189863
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzales, Christopher R., Anna A. Paltseva, Trevor Bell, Eric T. Powell, and Howard W. Mielke. 2021. "Agreement ℜ of Four Analytical Methods Applied to Pb in Soils from the Small City of St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189863