Association between Self-Reported Chewing Status and Glycemic Control in Japanese Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurement of HbA1c
2.3. Evaluation of Glycemic Control
2.4. Assessment of Body Composition
2.5. Questionnaire
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | 20–39 Years (n = 3099) | 40–64 Years (n = 25,635) | ≥65 Years (n = 2204) | Total (n = 30,938) |
---|---|---|---|---|
HbA1c levels (%) | ||||
<5.5 | 1855 (59.9) | 10,389 (40.5) | 330 (15.0) | 12,574 (40.6) |
5.5–5.9 | 1162 (37.5) | 12,573 (49.0) | 1233 (55.9) | 14,967 (48.4) |
6.0–6.4 | 66 (2.1) | 2128 (8.3) | 511 (23.2) | 2705 (8.7) |
6.5–6.9 | 10 (0.3) | 311 (1.2) | 98 (4.4) | 419 (1.4) |
7.0–7.4 | 3 (0.1) | 84 (0.3) | 19 (0.9) | 106 (0.3) |
7.5–7.9 | 2 (0.05) | 44 (0.2) | 6 (0.3) | 52 (0.2) |
≥8.0 | 2 (0.05) | 106 (0.4) | 7 (0.3) | 115 (0.4) |
<6.5 | 3082 (99.5) | 25,090 (97.9) | 2074 (94.1) | 30,246 (97.8) |
≥6.5 | 17 (0.5) | 545 (2.1) | 130 (5.9) | 692 (2.2) |
Chewing status (%) | ||||
I can eat anything | 2812 (90.7) | 22,362 (87.2) | 1798 (81.6) | 26,972 (87.2) |
Sometimes it is difficult to chew due to dental problems, such as dental caries and periodontal disease | 280 (9.0) | 3212 (12.5) | 400 (18.1) | 3892 (12.6) |
I can hardly chew | 7 (0.2) | 61 (0.2) | 6 (0.3) | 74 (0.2) |
Chewing difficulty | 287 (9.3) | 3273 (12.8) | 406(18.4) | 3966 (12.8) |
Variables | High HbA1c Levels | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 30,246) | Yes (n = 692) | |||
Men, n (%) a | 15,671 (51.8) | 502 (72.5) | <0.001 | |
Age (years), medians (first and third quartiles) b | 49 (43, 56) | 55 (49, 62) | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2), medians (first and third quartiles) b | 22.3 (20.3, 24.7) | 26.1 (23.8, 29.1) | <0.001 | |
Current smoker | Yes, n (%) a | 5471 (18.1) | 197 (28.5) | <0.001 |
Regular exercise habits | Absence, n (%) a | 23,211 (76.7) | 505 (73.0) | <0.05 |
Physical activity | Low, n (%) a | 22,283 (73.7) | 516 (74.6) | 0.629 |
Sleeping well | No, n (%) a | 11,300 (37.4) | 271 (39.2) | 0.341 |
Alcohol drinking | Everyday, n (%) a | 7604 (25.1) | 173 (25.0) | 0.962 |
Eating speed | Quickly, n (%) a | 11,281 (37.3) | 299 (43.2) | <0.01 |
Chewing difficulty | Yes, n (%) a | 3831 (12.7) | 135 (19.5) | <0.001 |
Variables | Crude ORs | 95% CI | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Women | 1 | (reference) | <0.001 |
Men | 2.457 | 2.076–2.908 | ||
Age (years) | 1.066 | 1.058–1.075 | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.235 | 1.215–1.254 | <0.001 | |
Current smoker | No | 1 | (reference) | <0.001 |
Yes | 1.802 | 1.524–2.131 | ||
Regular exercise habits | Presence | 1 | (reference) | <0.05 |
Absence | 0.819 | 0.691–0.970 | ||
Physical activity | High | 1 | (reference) | 0.598 |
Low | 1.048 | 0.881–1.245 | ||
Sleeping well | Yes | 1 | (reference) | 0.333 |
No | 1.079 | 0.925–1.259 | ||
Alcohol drinking | Not everyday | 1 | (reference) | 0.933 |
Everyday | 0.993 | 0.834–1.181 | ||
Eating speed | Not quickly | 1 | (reference) | <0.01 |
Quickly | 1.279 | 1.098–1.489 | ||
Chewing difficulty | No | 1 | (reference) | <0.001 |
Yes | 1.671 | 1.381–2.023 |
Variables | Adjusted ORs | 95% CI | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | ||||
Gender | Women | 1 | (reference) | <0.001 |
Men | 2.120 | 1.777–2.529 | ||
Age (years) | 1.070 | 1.061–1.079 | <0.001 | |
Current smoker | No | 1 | (reference) | <0.001 |
Yes | 1.607 | 1.345–1.921 | ||
Eating speed | Not quickly | 1 | (reference) | <0.01 |
Quickly | 1.302 | 1.115–1.520 | ||
Chewing difficulty | No | 1 | (reference) | <0.01 |
Yes | 1.297 | 1.067–1.576 | ||
Model 2 | ||||
Gender | Women | 1 | (reference) | <0.001 |
Men | 1.568 | 1.310–1.878 | ||
Age (years) | 1.077 | 1.068–1.087 | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.246 | 1.225–1.268 | <0.001 | |
Current smoker | No | 1 | (reference) | <0.001 |
Yes | 1.566 | 1.303–1.882 | ||
Chewing difficulty | No | 1 | (reference) | <0.05 |
Yes | 1.302 | 1.065–1.591 |
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Iwai, K.; Azuma, T.; Yonenaga, T.; Ekuni, D.; Watanabe, K.; Obora, A.; Deguchi, F.; Kojima, T.; Morita, M.; Tomofuji, T. Association between Self-Reported Chewing Status and Glycemic Control in Japanese Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189548
Iwai K, Azuma T, Yonenaga T, Ekuni D, Watanabe K, Obora A, Deguchi F, Kojima T, Morita M, Tomofuji T. Association between Self-Reported Chewing Status and Glycemic Control in Japanese Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189548
Chicago/Turabian StyleIwai, Komei, Tetsuji Azuma, Takatoshi Yonenaga, Daisuke Ekuni, Kazutoshi Watanabe, Akihiro Obora, Fumiko Deguchi, Takao Kojima, Manabu Morita, and Takaaki Tomofuji. 2021. "Association between Self-Reported Chewing Status and Glycemic Control in Japanese Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189548