Recurrence and Driving Factors of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Central China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Human Visceral Leishmaniasis
2.2.2. Driving Factors
Environmental Factors
Meteorological Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
2.3. Modelling Approach
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics
3.2. Driving Factors of VL Recurrence
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Variables | Data Source |
---|---|---|
Environmental | Elevation | Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) |
Change of forest | MODIS Land Cover Product (MCD12C1) | |
Change of grassland | ||
Meteorological | Mean temperature | China Meteorological Data Service Centre (CMDC) |
Relative humidity | ||
Precipitation | ||
Socioeconomic | Population density | Socioeconomic Data and Applications Centre (SEDAC) |
GDP | Global Change Research Data Publishing and Repository | |
Urban accessibility | European Commission Joint Research Centre (ECJRC) |
Province | City | County/District |
---|---|---|
Shanxi | Yangquan | Urban district (Pingding) |
Mining district (Yu) | ||
Suburban district | ||
Changzhi | Suburban district | |
Wuxiang | ||
Linfen | Quwo | |
Xiangfen | ||
Xiangning | ||
Daning | ||
Shaanxi | Weinan | Linwei |
Huazhou | ||
Hancheng | ||
Yanan | Yichuan | |
Yulin | Suide | |
Qingjian | ||
Henan | Anyang | Linzhou |
Year | Shaanxi | Shanxi | Henan | Hebei | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Cases | |||||
2006 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
2007 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
2008 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
2009 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
2010 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
2011 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 11 |
2012 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 11 |
2013 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 13 |
2014 | 14 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 20 |
2015 | 15 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 25 |
2016 | 13 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 29 |
2017 | 20 | 29 | 8 | 1 | 58 |
2018 | 31 | 41 | 7 | 2 | 81 |
2019 | 37 | 52 | 7 | 5 | 101 |
Total | 161 | 161 | 30 | 14 | 366 |
Factor | Variables | Chi.sq/ Estimate | P Value |
---|---|---|---|
Environmental | Elevation | 99.618 a | 0.000 *** |
Change of forest | 13.747 a | 0.010 * | |
Change of grassland | 42.210 a | 0.000 *** | |
Meteorological | Mean temperature | 72.594 a | 0.000 *** |
Relative humidity | 87.193 a | 0.000 *** | |
Precipitation | 4.322 a | 0.262 | |
Socioeconomic | Population | 4.615 × 10−5 b | 0.000 *** |
GDP | 4.322 × 10−5 b | 0.054 † | |
Urban accessibility | −1.195 × 10−3 b | 0.038 * |
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Zhao, Y.; Jiang, D.; Ding, F.; Hao, M.; Wang, Q.; Chen, S.; Xie, X.; Zheng, C.; Ma, T. Recurrence and Driving Factors of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Central China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189535
Zhao Y, Jiang D, Ding F, Hao M, Wang Q, Chen S, Xie X, Zheng C, Ma T. Recurrence and Driving Factors of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Central China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189535
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yingze, Dong Jiang, Fangyu Ding, Mengmeng Hao, Qian Wang, Shuai Chen, Xiaolan Xie, Canjun Zheng, and Tian Ma. 2021. "Recurrence and Driving Factors of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Central China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189535