Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and Viewpoints of Undergraduate University Students towards Self-Medication: An Institution-Based Study in Riyadh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Study Tool
2.3. Validity and Reliability of Study Tool
2.4. Sampling Method and Sample Size
2.5. Data Collection
2.6. Data Processing and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Information
3.2. Student’s Level of Knowledge towards SM
3.3. Student’s Attitude towards SM
3.4. Self-Medication (SM) Practice
3.5. Information and Place of Obtaining the Drugs for SM
3.6. Medications Used for SM
3.7. Reasons for Opting SM Practice
3.8. Negative Impact of Irrational SM
3.9. Awareness towards Responsible SM
3.10. Correlation between Knowledge and Attitude
3.11. Factors Influencing Self-Medication Practice
3.12. Factors Affecting Student’s Knowledge and Attitude Regarding SM
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SM | Self-medication |
UM | AlMaarefa University |
OTC | Over-the-counter |
GPA | Grade Percentage Average |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
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Demographic Variable | Demographic Characteristics (%) | Adequacy of Knowledge (n = 371) | Adequacy of Attitude (n = 371) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good (%) | Moderate (%) | Poor (%) | p Value | Positive (%) | Neutral (%) | Negative (%) | p Value | |||
Colleges | Pharmacy | 153 (41.2) | 70 (18.9) | 68 (18.3) | 15 (4) | 0.001 * | 81 (21.8) | 69 (18.6) | 3 (0.8) | 0.639 |
Medicine | 88 (23.7) | 27 (7.3) | 48 (12.9) | 13 (3.5) | 37 (10) | 46 (12.4) | 5 (1.3) | |||
Applied Sciences | 130 (35.1) | 26 (7) | 57 (15.4) | 47 (12.7) | 60 (16.2) | 63 (17) | 7 (1.9) | |||
Age | <20 years | 30 (8.1) | 2 (0.5) | 16 (4.3) | 12 (3.2) | 0.001 * | 10 (2.7) | 18 (4.9) | 2 (0.5) | 0.083 |
20–25 years | 262 (70.6) | 84 (22.6) | 129 (34.8) | 49 (13.2) | 122 (32.9) | 134 (36.1) | 6 (1.6) | |||
>25 years | 79 (21.3) | 37 (10) | 28 (7.5) | 14 (3.8) | 46 (12.4) | 26 (7) | 7 (1.9) | |||
Nationality | Saudi | 286 (77.1) | 110 (29.6) | 122 (32.9) | 54 (14.6) | 0.017 * | 144 (38.8) | 129 (34.8) | 13 (3.5) | 0.130 |
Non-Saudi | 85 (22.9) | 13 (3.5) | 51 (13.7) | 21 (5.7) | 34 (9.2) | 49 (13.2) | 2 (0.5) | |||
Student situation | Full time student | 291 (78.4) | 88 (23.7) | 146 (39.4) | 57 (15.4) | 0.006 * | 146 (39.4) | 138 (37.2) | 7 (1.9) | 0.006 * |
Working student | 80 (21.6) | 35 (9.4) | 27 (7.3) | 18 (4.9) | 32 (8.6) | 40 (10.8) | 8 (2.2) | |||
Family member in health sector | Yes | 218 (58.8) | 83 (22.4) | 103 (27.8) | 32 (8.6) | 0.02 * | 108 (29.1) | 99 (26.7) | 11 (3) | 0.896 |
No | 153 (41.2) | 40 (10.8) | 70 (18.9) | 43 (11.6) | 70 (18.9) | 79 (21.3) | 4 (1.1) | |||
Gender | Male | 143 (38.5) | 53 (14.3) | 53 (14.3) | 37 (10) | 0.051 | 57 (15.4) | 77 (20.8) | 9 (2.4) | 0.019 * |
Female | 228 (61.5) | 70 (18.9) | 120 (32.3) | 38 (10.2) | 121 (32.6) | 101 (27.2) | 6 (1.6) | |||
Study level/phase | Level 1–2 | 42 (11.3) | 9 (2.4) | 21 (5.7) | 12 (3.2) | 0.001 * | 18 (4.9) | 23 (6.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0.006 * |
Level 3–4 | 102 (27.5) | 16 (4.3) | 48 (12.9) | 38 (10.2) | 48 (12.9) | 43 (11.6) | 11 (3) | |||
Level 5–6 | 83 (22.4) | 26 (7) | 46 (12.4) | 11 (3) | 43 (11.6) | 39 (10.5) | 1 (0.3) | |||
Level 7–8 | 71 (19.1) | 39 (10.5) | 26 (7) | 6 (1.6) | 24 (6.5) | 47 (12.7) | zero | |||
Level 9–10 | 43 (11.6) | 23 (6.2) | 17 (4.6) | 3 (0.8) | 31 (8.4) | 12 (3.2) | zero | |||
Level 11–12 | 20 (5.4) | 9 (2.4) | 9 (2.4) | 2 (0.5) | 10 (2.7) | 9 (2.4) | 1 (0.3) | |||
Internship students | 10 (2.7) | 1 (0.3) | 6 (1.6) | 3 (0.8) | 4 (1.1) | 5 (1.3) | 1 (0.3) | |||
GPA | 1–2 | 31 (8.4) | 8 (2.2) | 15 (4) | 8 (2.2) | 0.509 | 20 (5.4) | 11 (3) | zero | 0.291 |
2–3 | 154 (41.5) | 63 (17) | 62 (16.7) | 29 (7.8) | 67 (18.1) | 82 (22.1) | 5 (1.3) | |||
3–4 | 186 (50.1) | 52 (14) | 96 (25.9) | 38 (10.2) | 91 (24.5) | 85 (22.9) | 10 (2.7) | |||
BMI | Below 18.5 | 35 (9.43) | 7 (1.9) | 17 (4.6) | 11 (3) | 0.023 * | 26 (7) | 9 (2.42) | zero | 0.388 |
18.5 to 24.9 | 200 (53.9) | 77 (20.8) | 92 (24.8) | 31 (8.4) | 132 (35.6) | 62 (16.7) | 6 (1.6) | |||
25 to 29.9 | 93 (25.1) | 20 (5.4) | 47 (12.7) | 26 (7) | 59 (15.9) | 27 (7.3) | 7 (1.9) | |||
30 and above | 43 (11.6) | 19 (5.1) | 17 (4.6) | 7 (1.9) | 31 (8.4) | 10 (2.7) | 2 (0.53) | |||
Residential status | Living with family | 299 (80.6) | 93 (25.1) | 141 (38) | 65 (17.5) | 0.424 | 137 (36.9) | 155 (41.8) | 7 (1.9) | 0.001 * |
University accommodation | 10 (2.7) | 3 (0.8) | 7 (1.9) | zero | 10 (2.7) | zero | zero | |||
Non-university accommodation | 62 (16.7) | 27 (7.3) | 25 (6.7) | 10 (2.7) | 31 (8.4) | 23 (6.2) | 8 (2.2) | |||
Marital status | Single | 324 (87.3) | 102 (27.5) | 155 (41.8) | 67 (18.1) | 0.775 | 159 (42.9) | 155 (41.8) | 10 (2.7) | 0.009 * |
Married | 41 (11.1) | 18 (4.9) | 15 (4) | 8 (2.2) | 18 (4.9) | 18 (4.9) | 5 (1.3) | |||
Divorced/separated | 6 (1.6) | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.8) | zero | 1 (0.3) | 5 (1.3) | zero | |||
Presence of long term/chronic disease | No | 324 (87.3) | 95 (25.6) | 159 (42.9) | 70 (18.9) | 0.804 | 151 (40.7) | 160 (43.1) | 13 (3.5) | 0.053 |
Yes | 47 (12.7) | 28 (7.5) | 14 (3.8) | 5 (1.3) | 27 (7.3) | 18 (4.9) | 2 (0.5) |
Demographic Variable | Mean Knowledge Score (7-Point Scale) | Mean Attitude Score (20-Point Scale) | |
Colleges | Pharmacy | 5.18 | 16.72 |
Medicine | 4.81 | 16.04 | |
Applied Sciences | 4.1 | 16.3 | |
Age | <20 years | 3.7 | 15.96 |
20–25 years | 4.69 | 16.37 | |
>25 years | 5.17 | 16.73 | |
Nationality | Saudi | 4.83 | 16.51 |
Non-Saudi | 4.3 | 16.1 | |
Student situation | Full time student | 4.65 | 16.51 |
Working student | 4.93 | 16.06 | |
Family member in health sector | Yes | 4.94 | 16.41 |
No | 4.39 | 16.41 | |
Gender | Male | 4.66 | 16.1 |
Female | 4.75 | 16.6 | |
Study level/phase | Level 1–2 | 4.21 | 16.11 |
Level 3–4 | 3.99 | 16.02 | |
Level 5–6 | 4.85 | 16.66 | |
Level 7–8 | 5.5 | 16.29 | |
Level 9–10 | 5.27 | 17.3 | |
Level 11–12 | 5.1 | 16.5 | |
Internship students | 4.3 | 16.5 | |
GPA | 1–2 | 4.45 | 17.45 |
2–3 | 4.85 | 16.25 | |
3–4 | 4.64 | 16.37 | |
BMI | Below 18.5 | 4.24 | 16.48 |
18.5 to 24.9 | 4.93 | 16.47 | |
25 to 29.9 | 4.4 | 16.26 | |
30 and above | 4.73 | 16.46 | |
Residential status | Living with family | 4.63 | 16.4 |
University accommodation | 5 | 17.7 | |
Non-university accommodation | 5.06 | 16.27 | |
Marital status | Single | 4.66 | 16.42 |
Married | 5.02 | 16.36 | |
Divorced/separated | 5.33 | 16.5 | |
Presence of long term/chronic disease | No | 4.6 | 16.34 |
Yes | 5.51 | 16.89 |
Self-Medication Practice Information | Sample (N) | Percentage |
---|---|---|
During the last six months did you self-medicate yourself? | ||
Yes | 206 | 55.5 |
No | 165 | 44.5 |
Frequency of practice (I used self-medication drug) | ||
During last month | 126 | 34.0 |
During the last three months | 80 | 21.6 |
During the last six months | 165 | 44.5 |
Place of obtaining the medication for self-use | ||
Pharmacy store | 347 | 93.53 |
Family/friends | 60 | 16.17 |
Supermarket | 20 | 5.39 |
Internet/online | 27 | 7.27 |
Source of drug information | ||
Previous prescription | 150 | 40.43 |
Friends/relatives | 50 | 13.47 |
Media | 25 | 6.73 |
Internet | 110 | 29.64 |
Parent | 30 | 8.08 |
Academic knowledge and book | 200 | 53.9 |
Other | 33 | 8.89 |
Practice of Self-Medication During Last Six Months | p-Value | Cremer’s V | Odds Ratio (Risk Estimate) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | Subgroup | 95% confidence interval | ||||||
No (%) | Yes (%) | 0.011 * | 0.132 | Value | Lower | Upper | ||
Family member working in health sector? | ||||||||
Yes | 85 (22.9) | 133 (35.8) | 0.583 | 0.384 | 0.886 | |||
No | 80 (21.6) | 73 (19.7) | ||||||
Do you suffer from any long term/chronic disease? | Yes | 12 (3.2) | 35 (9.4) | 0.005 * | 0.145 | 2.610 | 1.308 | 5.208 |
No | 153 (41.2) | 171 (46.1) | ||||||
Colleges | Pharmacy | 58 (15.63) | 95 (25.60) | 0.033 * | 0.111 | 0.633 | 0.416 | 0.965 |
Medicine & Applied Sciences | 107 (28.8) | 111 (29.9) | ||||||
Gender | Male | 63 (17) | 80 (21.6) | 0.898 | 0.007 | 0.973 | 0.639 | 1.482 |
Female | 102 (27.5) | 126 (34) | ||||||
Nationality | Saudi | 130 (35) | 156 (42) | 0.486 | 0.036 | 1.190 | 0.729 | 1.945 |
Non-Saudi | 35 (9.4) | 50 (13.5) | ||||||
Student situation | Full time student | 127 (34.2) | 164 (44) | 0.539 | 0.032 | 0.856 | 0.521 | 1.406 |
Working student | 38 (10.2) | 42 (11.3) |
Independent Variable | Regression Coefficient β | Standard Error | Standardized Regression Coefficient β | t | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant term | 18.756 | 1.129 | --- | 16.616 | 0.000 |
College | −0.687 | 0.164 | −0.212 | −4.189 | 0.000 |
Nationality | −0.851 | 0.336 | −0.127 | −2.534 | 0.012 |
Age | 0.967 | 0.284 | 0.180 | 3.400 | 0.001 |
Gender | 1.111 | 0.292 | 0.191 | 3.801 | 0.000 |
Level of study | 0.254 | 0.096 | 0.135 | 2.641 | 0.009 |
Do you suffer from any long term/chronic disease? | 0.123 | 0.051 | 0.115 | 2.394 | 0.017 |
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Mannasaheb, B.A.; Al-Yamani, M.J.; Alajlan, S.A.; Alqahtani, L.M.; Alsuhimi, S.E.; Almuzaini, R.I.; Albaqawi, A.F.; Alshareef, Z.M. Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and Viewpoints of Undergraduate University Students towards Self-Medication: An Institution-Based Study in Riyadh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168545
Mannasaheb BA, Al-Yamani MJ, Alajlan SA, Alqahtani LM, Alsuhimi SE, Almuzaini RI, Albaqawi AF, Alshareef ZM. Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and Viewpoints of Undergraduate University Students towards Self-Medication: An Institution-Based Study in Riyadh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168545
Chicago/Turabian StyleMannasaheb, Basheerahmed Abdulaziz, Mohammed Jaber Al-Yamani, Sarah Abdulrahman Alajlan, Lamyaa Munahi Alqahtani, Shrouq Eid Alsuhimi, Razan Ibrahim Almuzaini, Abeer Fahad Albaqawi, and Zahaa Majed Alshareef. 2021. "Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and Viewpoints of Undergraduate University Students towards Self-Medication: An Institution-Based Study in Riyadh" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168545
APA StyleMannasaheb, B. A., Al-Yamani, M. J., Alajlan, S. A., Alqahtani, L. M., Alsuhimi, S. E., Almuzaini, R. I., Albaqawi, A. F., & Alshareef, Z. M. (2021). Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and Viewpoints of Undergraduate University Students towards Self-Medication: An Institution-Based Study in Riyadh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168545