Differences in Cumulative Long-Term Care Costs by Community Activities and Employment: A Prospective Follow-Up Study of Older Japanese Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Measurement of the Cumulative Long-Term Care Costs
2.4. Community Activities and Employment Status
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cumulative Cost in LTC Services (Thousand USD) | Onset of Care/Support Needs | Mortality | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n 1 | % | Mean ± SD | % | % | |
Community activities | |||||
Hobby activities group | |||||
Never | 20,265 | 54.1 | 4.28 ± 16.86 | 23.6 | 13.9 |
A few times a year | 3261 | 8.7 | 2.14 ± 10.86 | 14.9 | 9.4 |
Once or twice a month | 5221 | 13.9 | 2.07 ± 10.80 | 15.6 | 8.0 |
Once a week | 4301 | 11.5 | 2.25 ± 11.13 | 16.7 | 7.0 |
Twice a week | 4411 | 11.8 | 1.86 ± 10.81 | 14.5 | 7.6 |
Sports group or club | |||||
Never | 26,286 | 72.8 | 3.92 ± 15.99 | 22.5 | 13.0 |
A few times a year | 1477 | 4.1 | 1.72 ± 10.50 | 13.2 | 8.7 |
Once or twice a month | 1612 | 4.5 | 1.86 ± 11.01 | 11.4 | 8.0 |
Once a week | 2562 | 7.1 | 1.59 ± 9.02 | 13.3 | 5.3 |
Twice a week | 4183 | 11.6 | 1.55 ± 9.73 | 13.0 | 6.5 |
Volunteer group | |||||
Never | 28,128 | 82.2 | 3.58 ± 15.35 | 20.7 | 12.0 |
A few times a year | 2353 | 6.9 | 1.55 ± 8.95 | 12.4 | 8.4 |
Once or twice a month | 2031 | 5.9 | 1.43 ± 8.89 | 12.2 | 6.1 |
Once a week | 875 | 2.6 | 1.72 ± 10.47 | 12.6 | 7.8 |
Twice a week | 836 | 2.4 | 2.05 ± 10.73 | 14.0 | 7.1 |
Employment status | |||||
Retired/never had a job | 30,706 | 76.1 | 3.79 ± 15.45 | 22.7 | 12.6 |
Employed | 9625 | 23.9 | 1.48 ± 9.28 | 10.9 | 7.8 |
Type of Community Activities | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hobby Activities Group | Sports Group or Club | Volunteer Group | ||||
OLS 1,2 | IPW with MI 3,4 | OLS 1,2 | IPW with MI 3,4 | OLS 1,2 | IPW with MI 3,4 | |
Freq. of community activities | ||||||
Never | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
A few times a year | −0.86 *** (−1.31 to −0.41) | −0.71 * (−1.29 to −0.12) | −0.28 (−0.92 to 0.37) | −0.39 (−1.14 to 0.36) | −0.90 *** (−1.29 to −0.51) | −0.70 * (−1.30 to −0.10) |
Once or twice a month | −0.85 *** (−1.26 to −0.44) | −1.11 *** (−1.57 to −0.67) | −0.20 (−0.87 to 0.48) | −0.42 (−1.15 to 0.30) | −0.72 ** (−1.18 to −0.25) | −0.81 ** (−1.40 to −0.23) |
Once a week | −0.91 *** (−1.33 to −0.48) | −1.01 *** (−1.51 to −0.51) | −0.94 *** (−1.33 to −0.56) | −1.14 *** (−1.71 to −0.57) | −0.10 (−1.12 to 0.91) | −0.51 (−1.47 to 0.46) |
Twice a week † | −0.81 ** (−1.32 to −0.29) | −1.23 *** (−1.72 to −0.73) | −0.71 ** (−1.15 to −0.27) | −1.18 *** (−1.67 to −0.68) | −0.49 (−1.25 to 0.26) | −0.18 (−1.07 to 0.71) |
Employment status | ||||||
Retired/never had a job | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
Employed | −0.52 ** (−0.81 to −0.22) | −0.64 *** (−0.99 to −0.29) | −0.57 *** (−0.86 to −0.28) | −0.63 *** (−0.98 to −0.28) | −0.47 ** (−0.76 to −0.18) | −0.55 ** (−0.90 to −0.20) |
N% [A] | Current Costs Difference | Difference from Lowest Case | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimation 1 (Thousand $) | Mean (Thousand $) [B] 3 | Prop. of Difference 4 | Current Average Cost [C] 5 | Lowest Case [D] 6 | Difference (%) 7 | ||
Hobby activities group | |||||||
Never | 54.1% | ref. | 4.28 | ref. | 2.32 | 1.65 | |
A few times a year | 8.7% | −0.71 | 3.57 | −16.6% | 0.31 | 0.27 | |
Once or twice a month | 13.9% | −1.11 | 3.17 | −25.9% | 0.44 | 0.42 | |
Once a week | 11.5% | −1.01 | 3.27 | −23.6% | 0.38 | 0.35 | |
Twice a week | 11.8% | −1.23 | 3.05 | −28.7% | 0.36 | 0.36 | |
Total | 3.81 | 3.05 | −19.9% | ||||
Sports group or club | |||||||
Never | 72.8% | ref. | 3.92 | ref. | 2.85 | 1.99 | |
A few times a year | 4.1% | −0.39 | 3.53 | −9.9% | 0.14 | 0.11 | |
Once or twice a month | 4.5% | −0.42 | 3.50 | −11.0% | 0.16 | 0.12 | |
Once a week | 7.1% | −1.14 | 2.78 | −29.1% | 0.20 | 0.19 | |
Twice a week | 11.6% | −1.18 | 2.74 | −30.1% | 0.32 | 0.32 | |
Total | 3.67 | 2.74 | −25.3% | ||||
Volunteer group | |||||||
Never | 82.2% | ref. | 3.58 | ref. | 2.94 | 2.33 | |
A few times a year | 6.9% | −0.70 | 2.88 | −19.6% | 0.20 | 0.19 | |
Once or twice a month | 5.9% | −0.81 | 2.77 | −22.6% | 0.16 | 0.16 | |
Once a week | 2.6% | −0.51 | 3.07 | −14.0% | 0.08 | 0.07 | |
Twice a week | 2.4% | −0.18 | 3.40 | −5.0% | 0.08 | 0.07 | |
Total | 3.47 | 2.77 | −20.1% | ||||
Employment status | |||||||
Retired/never had a job | 76.1% | ref. | 3.79 | ref. | 2.88 | 2.40 | |
Employed | 23.9% | −0.64 2 | 3.15 | −16.9% | 0.75 | 0.75 | |
Total | 3.64 | 3.15 | −13.4% |
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Saito, M.; Kondo, N.; Aida, J.; Saito, J.; Anezaki, H.; Ojima, T.; Kondo, K. Differences in Cumulative Long-Term Care Costs by Community Activities and Employment: A Prospective Follow-Up Study of Older Japanese Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105414
Saito M, Kondo N, Aida J, Saito J, Anezaki H, Ojima T, Kondo K. Differences in Cumulative Long-Term Care Costs by Community Activities and Employment: A Prospective Follow-Up Study of Older Japanese Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105414
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaito, Masashige, Naoki Kondo, Jun Aida, Junko Saito, Hisataka Anezaki, Toshiyuki Ojima, and Katsunori Kondo. 2021. "Differences in Cumulative Long-Term Care Costs by Community Activities and Employment: A Prospective Follow-Up Study of Older Japanese Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105414