Advances and Applications of Water Phytoremediation: A Potential Biotechnological Approach for the Treatment of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Mechanistic Approach
4.1. Phytoextraction
4.2. Rhizofiltration
4.3. Phytodegradation
4.4. Phytostabilization
4.5. Phytovolatilization
4.6. Relationship Root-Microorganisms
4.7. Environmental Characteristics That Influence Water Phytoremediation
5. Obtained Patents in the Field of Water Phytoremediation
6. Current Challenges and Literature Gaps
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Species | Family | Country | Contaminants Treated | Phytoremediation Process | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arundo donax | Poaceae | Pakistan | As | Phytoextraction | Removal of at least 15% of the pollutant in the treatment of 600 μg L−1 | [35] |
Azolla caroliniana | Salvi-niaceae | India | Heavy metals in metal enriched fly ash pond (Cr, Pb, Cu and Ni) | Phytoaccumula-tion | High sequestration of metals (175–538 and 86–753 mg kg−1 plant tissue) BCF 1.7–18.6 and 1.8–11.0. | [36] |
Azolla filiculoides | Salvi-niaceae | Chile, Israel | Cd, Cu, Pb | Phytoextraction | High concentration in plant tissues, more than 1000 micrograms per kg−1, | [37,38] |
Azolla pinnata | Salvi-niaceae | India, Nigeria | Hg, Cd, Zi, Fe | Phytoextraction | Metal content decreased to 70–94%, there is no significant removal of Fe, but Zi decreased more than 30% | [39] |
Canna indica | Cannaceae | India | F | Phytoaccumula-tion | 95% fluoride removal | [40] |
Ceratophyllum demersum | Ceratophyllaceae | Egypt | Cr, Pb | Phytoaccumula-tion | 95% removal of lead and 84% of chromium | [41] |
Cyperus alternifolius | Cyperaceae | India | F | Phytoaccumula-tion | 65% fluoride removal | [40] |
Eichhornia crassipes | Pontederiaceae | India, Nigeria | As, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag | Phytoaccumula-tion | Acummulation from 26 mg/kg to 327 mg/kg in dry weight | [42,43] |
Eleocharis acicularis | Cyperaceae | Japan | Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb | Phytoextraction | Remotion higher than 90% of the heavy metals | [44] |
Helianthus annuus | Asteraceae | Pakistan | Ni, Pb | Phytoextraction | More than 50% of removal, 17 mg Kg−1 in plant tissue | [45] |
Hydrilla verticillata | Hydro-charitaceae | India, China | F, As, and other heavy metals | Phytoaccumula-tion, Phyto-degradation | Maximum removal 24.4% at 2.5 ppm without dramatically affecting associated physiological parameters, and the resultant degradation products are non-toxic | [46,47,48] |
Ipomoea aquatica | Convolvulaceae | Iran, Sri Lanka | Pb, Cr | Rhizofiltration | The highest BCF (4179.07) value was registered in root tissue (0.63 mg L−1 Pb) More than 90% Cr(VI) sequestrated in leaves and steams. In none of the Cr(VI) dosing experiments did the I. aquatica show toxicity symptoms. | [49,50] |
Iris pseuda-corus | Iridaceae | Spain | Cr, Zn | Rhizofiltration | 59.97 mg Cr and 25.64 mg Zn in roots | [51] |
Juncus effusus | Juncaceae | China | Pb | Phytodegradation | Concentrations higher than 2000 mg kg−1 in roots | [52] |
Lemna gibba | Araceae | Germany | U, As | Phytoextraction | Accumulation in plant tissue, around 500 mg kg−1 | [53] |
Lemna minor | Araceae | Pakistan, Iran | Heavy metals in contaminated effluents | Phytoaccumula-tion | Considerable reduction in every metal in municipal effluent | [27] |
Lepironia articulata | Cyperaceae | USA | Pb | Rhizofiltration | More than 500 mg/kg in its plant tissue (roots) and 217 of BCF value | [54] |
Lolium perenne | Poaceae | France | Cr | Phytostabilization | High accumulation in roots, higuer than 2000 μg−1 DW | [55] |
Ludwigia stolonifera | Onagra-ceae | Egypt | Cd, Ni, Zn, Pb | Phytostabilization | Bioaccumulation and translocation factor showed positive interaction for the uptake of metals highlighted | [56] |
Mentha aquatica | Lamiaceae | Lebanon | Ni | Rhizofiltration | 8327 mg kg−1 accumulated mainly in root tissue | [57] |
Myrio-phyllum aquaticum | Haloragaceae | Italy | Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn | Phytoaccumulation | High accumulation in plant tisssue at high concentrations, more than 500 μg g−1 DW | [58] |
Myrio-phyllum triphyllum | Haloragaceae | Turkey | Cd | Phytoaccumu-lation | 17.03 μg Cd accumulation was found in a gram in dried sample | [59] |
Myrio-phyllum elatinoides | Haloragaceae | China | B | Phytoaccumulation | Maximal tissue accumulation in shoot tissue and root section (1296.5 and 350.7 mg/kg, each one) | [60] |
Nelumbo nucifera | Nelum-bona-ceae | India | Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn | Phytoextraction | Accumulation in tissue more than 340 ppm of metals | [61] |
Oenanthe javanica | Apiaceae | USA | Hg | Phytoaccumulation | More than 1 mg/kg remediated and 807 of BCF value | [62] |
Phragmites australis | Poaceae | Saudi Arabia, Denmark | Cd, Pb, Ni | Rhizofiltration | High concentration in roots, more than 3 mg kg−1 | [63] |
Pistia stratiotes | Araceae | USA, India | Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg | Phytoextraction and rhizofiltration | Accumulation of Cd in roots (more than 10 mg kg−1), Cu, Fe and Hg concentrations from 1 to 15 mg kg−1 DW. | [64,65] |
Plantago major | Plantaginaceae | Switzerland | Pb | Rhizofiltration | High uptake, more than 20 mg/kg of Pb in root tissue | [66] |
Potamo-geton natans | Potamogetonaceae | Sweden | Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb | Rhizofiltration | Highest accumulation found in the roots | [67] |
Pteris vittata | Pteridaceae | USA | As | Phytoaccumulation | Reduced arsenic concentration by 98.6% | [68] |
Salvinia biloba | Salviniaceae | Brazil | Pb | Phytoextraction | Almost 90% of Pb remotion | [69] |
Salvinia minima | Salviniaceae | Mexico | Pb, As | Phytoaccumu-lation | More than 34 mg/g Pb in dry weight tissue and high As uptake, with 0.5 mg/g DW). | [70] |
Salvinia molesta | Salviniaceae | Brazil | As | Phytoaccumu-lation | Accumulation in leaves, highest accumulation 148.63 μg g−1 DW | [71] |
Salvinia natans | Salviniaceae | India | Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr | Phytoaccumu-lation | High removal, more than 50% average for each metal | [72] |
Spirodela polyrhiza | Araceae | Japan | As | Phytoaccumu-lation | Accumulations on DW tissue higher than 0.35 μmol/g for arsenate and around 7.6 nmol/g DW for DMAA | [73] |
Trapa natans | Lythraceae | India | Heavy metals in wastewater | Phytoaccumu-lation | Metal contents translocated in leaves, whereas most contents of Cr and Pb were accumulated in the root. | [74] |
Typha domin-gensis | Typhaceae | Egypt, Brazil | P, Na, K, Zn, Hg | Phytoextraction | Reduced P, Na, K almost in 80%, reduced Zn in 10% with respect to initial values, Reduces 99.6 ± 0.4% of the mercury in contaminated water | [75,76] |
Typha latifolia | Typhaceae | Italy | Cu, Zn | Phytoextraction | Higher accumulation of Zinc, more than 55 mg Kg DW in root tissue | [77] |
Vallisneria natans | Hydrocharitaceae | China | As | Rhizo-filtration | High accumulation in roots (more than 200 mg/kg−1 DW of As (IV)) | [78] |
Wolffia globosa | Araceae | China, Thailand | As, Cd, Cr | Phyto-accumu-lation | Accumulate more than 1000 mg As kg−1 in DW tissue, Max accumulation Cd 5931 µg/g DW. 3500 µg/g DW Cr | [79,80] |
Microorganism | Process | Reference |
---|---|---|
PGPR (Paenibacillus mucilaginosus, Sinorhizobium meliloti) | Increase the bioavailability of metals | [134] |
PGPR (Pseudomonas spp.) | Increase water uptake in roots, increasing HM mobilization | [135] |
PGPR (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) | Reduce toxicity of HMs, increasing bioaccumulation factor (BF) | [136] |
PGPR (non specified) | Transformation of HMs into less toxic compounds for faster uptake | [137] |
PGPR (Planomicrobium chinense, Bacillus cereus) | Increase biomass gain and root growth during HM stress | [138] |
PGPR (Bacillus spp.) | Reduction in oxidative stress, increasing metabolite production | [139] |
Chryseobacterium sp. | Creation of antagonistic metabolites to improve resistance to pathogens | [140] |
PGPR (Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus subtilis) | Increase HM uptake, especially Pb and Ni | [141] |
Plant Species | Patent | Patent Number | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Azolla pinnata | Water purification system | EP0333218B1 | [162] |
Spirodela polyrhiza | Purification method of wastewater | WO2012029736A1 | [163] |
Eichhornia crassipes | Purifying algae-type eutrophic contaminated water bodies at a source | CN102524084A | [164] |
Hydrilla verticillata | The invention discloses a method for removing nitrogen and phosphorus in a water body | CN102311173A | [165] |
Iris pseudacorus | Waste-water purification plant | US7718062B2 | [166] |
Myriophyllum triphyllum | Marine biomass reactor | WO2018140449A1 | [167] |
Phragmites australis | Waste treatment systems, biological restoration of water body, system and method for removal of pollutants from water | US7361268B2 | [168] |
Potamogeton natans | Method for repairing water ecology, purifying method, waste treatment process | US6652743B2 | [169] |
Pteris vittata | Method for removing arsenic from soil and water | CN105945042A | [170] |
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Delgado-González, C.R.; Madariaga-Navarrete, A.; Fernández-Cortés, J.M.; Islas-Pelcastre, M.; Oza, G.; Iqbal, H.M.N.; Sharma, A. Advances and Applications of Water Phytoremediation: A Potential Biotechnological Approach for the Treatment of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105215
Delgado-González CR, Madariaga-Navarrete A, Fernández-Cortés JM, Islas-Pelcastre M, Oza G, Iqbal HMN, Sharma A. Advances and Applications of Water Phytoremediation: A Potential Biotechnological Approach for the Treatment of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105215
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelgado-González, Cristián Raziel, Alfredo Madariaga-Navarrete, José Miguel Fernández-Cortés, Margarita Islas-Pelcastre, Goldie Oza, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, and Ashutosh Sharma. 2021. "Advances and Applications of Water Phytoremediation: A Potential Biotechnological Approach for the Treatment of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105215