Gender Differences in Contraceptive Self-Efficacy: A Cross-Sectional Study of South Korean College Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To explore the sexual attitudes, sexual autonomy, and contraceptive self-efficacy of South Korean college students;
- To identify the factors that influence the contraceptive self-efficacy of college students by gender.
2. Methods
2.1. Setting and Sample
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Demographic Characteristics
2.2.2. Sexual Attitude
2.2.3. Sexual Autonomy
2.2.4. Contraceptive Self-Efficacy
2.3. Data Collection and Ethical Consideration
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics, Sexual Attitude, Sexual Autonomy, and Contraceptive Self-Efficacy
3.2. Differences in Sexual Attitude, Sexual Autonomy, and Contraceptive Self-Efficacy
3.3. Factors Influencing Contraceptive Self-Efficacy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Categories | Totaln (%) | Male (n = 253) n (%) | Female (n = 246) n (%) | M ± SD | Ideal Range (min~max) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grade | Freshman | 188 (37.7) | 102 (40.3) | 86 (34.9) | ||
Sophomore | 131 (26.3) | 60 (23.7) | 71 (28.9) | |||
Junior | 119 (23.8) | 61 (24.1) | 58 (23.6) | |||
Senior | 61 (12.2) | 30 (11.9) | 31 (12.6) | |||
Family economic status | High | 39 (7.8) | 24 ( 9.5) | 15 (6.1) | ||
Middle | 418 (83.8) | 202 (79.8) | 216 (87.8) | |||
Low | 42 (8.4) | 27 (10.7) | 15 (6.1) | |||
Parental status | Having parents | 456 (91.4) | 232 (91.7) | 224 (91.1) | ||
Parent or not having parents | 43 (8.6) | 21 (8.3) | 22 (8.9) | |||
Current residence | Parents’ home | 179 (35.9) | 79 (31.2) | 100 (40.7) | ||
Campus residence hall | 92 (18.4) | 48 (19.0) | 44 (17.9) | |||
Off-campus housing | 228 (45.7) | 126 (49.8) | 102 (41.5) | |||
Date experience | No | 96 (19.2) | 49 (19.4) | 47 (19.1) | ||
Yes | 403 (80.8) | 204 (80.6) | 199 (80.9) | |||
Number of dating experience † | 1 | 89 (22.1) | 46 (22.5) | 43 (21.6) | 2.91 ± 3.53 | |
2~3 | 170 (42.2) | 74 (36.3) | 96 (48.2) | |||
4~5 | 91 (22.6) | 51 (25.0) | 40 (20.1) | |||
≥6 | 53 (13.1) | 33 (16.2) | 20 (10.1) | |||
Average dating length (month) † | ≤3 | 125 (31.0) | 60 (29.4) | 65 (32.7) | 7.81 ± 10.20 | |
4~6 | 107 (26.5) | 63 (30.9) | 44 (22.1) | |||
7~12 | 107 (26.5) | 51 (25.0) | 56 (28.1) | |||
≥13 | 64 (16.0) | 30 (14.7) | 34 (17.1) | |||
Sources of sexuality information ‡ | Books | 130 (15.4) | 64 (15.5) | 66 (15.4) | ||
Media | 306 (36.3) | 162 (39.1) | 144 (33.6) | |||
Parents | 67 (8.0) | 25 (6.1) | 42 (9.8) | |||
Friends | 221 (26.2) | 115 (27.8) | 106 (24.7) | |||
Teachers | 119 (14.1) | 48 (11.6) | 71 (16.6) | |||
Level of sexual contact * | None | 64 (13.1) | 35 (14.0) | 29 (12.1) | ||
Kissing | 189 (38.6) | 103 (41.2) | 86 (35.8) | |||
Caressing | 28 (5.7) | 12 (4.8) | 16 (6.7) | |||
Intercourse | 209 (42.6) | 100 (40.0) | 109 (45.4) | |||
Sexual attitude | 67.80 ± 12.65 | 23~115 | ||||
Sexual autonomy | 51.41 ± 7.63 | 13~65 | ||||
Contraceptive self-efficacy | 45.94 ± 6.64 | 12~60 |
Characteristics | Categories | Sexual Attitude | Sexual Autonomy | Contraceptive Self-Efficacy | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | t or F(p) | M ± SD | t or F(p) | M ± SD | t or F(p) | ||
Gender | Male | 71.22 ± 12.84 | 6.34 (<0.001) | 50.21 ± 8.02 | −3.62 (<0.001) | 44.62 ± 6.45 | −4.60 (<0.001) |
Female | 64.30 ± 11.48 | 52.65 ± 7.03 | 47.30 ± 6.58 | ||||
Grade | Freshman a | 66.19 ± 12.77 | 1.66 (0.175) | 49.73 ± 8.02 | 5.38 (0.001) a < b, c ** | 44.23 ± 6.53 | 7.19 (<0.001) a < b, c, d ** |
Sophomore b | 68.71 ± 10.86 | 52.70 ± 6.49 | 47.20 ± 6.25 | ||||
Junior c | 68.92 ± 12.99 | 52.59 ± 7.81 | 46.60 ± 6.83 | ||||
Senior d | 68.67 ± 14.86 | 51.52 ± 7.58 | 47.28 ± 6.51 | ||||
Family economic status | High | 69.18 ± 15.36 | 0.63 (0.535) | 51.82 ± 8.99 | 0.07 (0.934) | 45.08 ± 6.74 | 0.49 (0.613) |
Middle | 67.53 ± 12.13 | 51.36 ± 7.37 | 46.07 ± 6.47 | ||||
Low | 69.31 ± 14.99 | 51.52 ± 9.01 | 45.52 ± 8.17 | ||||
Parental status | Having parents | 67.96 ± 12.50 | 0.86 (0.387) | 51.38 ± 7.46 | −0.30 (0.766) | 45.93 ± 6.60 | −0.20 (0.842) |
Parent or not having parents | 66.21 ± 14.27 | 51.74 ± 9.41 | 46.14 ± 7.16 | ||||
Current residence | Parents’ home a | 68.79 ± 12.73 | 1.43 (0.240) | 50.86 ± 8.07 | 0.73 (0.480) | 45.47 ± 6.49 | 1.05 (0.352) |
Campus residence hall b | 66.05 ± 12.47 | 51.65 ± 7.95 | 45.74 ± 6.67 | ||||
Off-campus housing c | 67.74 ± 12.65 | 51.75 ± 7.16 | 46.40 ± 6.75 | ||||
Date experience | No | 65.54 ± 12.85 | −1.96 (0.051) | 50.46 ± 7.31 | −1.36 (0.173) | 44.42 ± 6.54 | −2.52 (0.012) |
Yes | 68.34 ± 12.57 | 51.64 ± 7.71 | 46.31 ± 6.62 | ||||
Number of dating experience † | 1 a | 68.85 ± 12.98 | 2.55 (0.055) | 51.52 ± 7.91 | 1.62 (0.183) | 45.62 ± 7.32 | 2.06 (0.105) |
2~3 b | 66.54 ± 12.00 | 52.18 ± 7.72 | 46.32 ± 6.35 | ||||
4~5 c | 69.40 ± 12.75 | 51.97 ± 7.10 | 47.63 ± 6.63 | ||||
≥6 d | 71.47 ± 12.78 | 49.57 ± 8.17 | 45.17 ± 6.00 | ||||
Average dating length (month) † | ≤3 a | 69.92 ± 12.16 | 1.25 (0.290) | 50.40 ± 7.75 | 3.92 (0.009) a < d ** | 45.49 ± 6.51 | 2.11 (0.097) |
4~6 b | 68.54 ± 12.51 | 51.33 ± 7.13 | 46.02 ± 5.50 | ||||
7~12 c | 67.01 ± 11.60 | 51.73 ± 7.43 | 46.54 ± 7.11 | ||||
≥13 d | 67.15 ± 14.73 | 54.39 ± 8.43 | 47.98 ± 7.49 | ||||
Sources of sexuality information ‡ | Books a | 64.86 ± 10.22 | 7.24 (<0.001) a < d, e < b, d ** | 51.94 ± 7.45 | 0.41 (0.802) | 46.33 ± 6.76 | 1.02 (0.396) |
Media b | 68.41 ± 12.35 | 52.22 ± 7.56 | 46.48 ± 6.71 | ||||
Parents c | 66.85 ± 12.19 | 51.91 ± 8.23 | 47.87 ± 6.82 | ||||
Friends d | 69.73 ± 12.14 | 51.81 ± 7.80 | 47.14 ± 6.36 | ||||
Teachers e | 63.66 ± 11.12 | 52.87 ± 7.76 | 47.21 ± 6.77 | ||||
Level of sexual contact * | None | 64.46 ± 14.89 | 1.87 (0.132) | 52.06 ± 8.60 | 0.26 (0.853) | 45.29 ± 8.11 | 0.38 (0.766) |
Kissing | 68.70 ± 12.45 | 51.05 ± 8.02 | 46.15 ± 6.50 | ||||
Caressing | 67.25 ± 10.98 | 51.50 ± 7.21 | 46.53 ± 6.66 | ||||
Intercourse | 68.07 ± 12.06 | 51.40 ± 7.08 | 45.76 ± 6.29 |
Variables (Baseline) | Male (n = 253) | Female (n = 246) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I | Model II | Model III | Model I | Model II | Model III | |||||||||||||
β | t | p | β | t | p | β | t | p | β | t | p | β | t | p | β | t | p | |
Grade (freshman) | ||||||||||||||||||
Sophomore | 0.192 | 2.84 | 0.005 | 0.181 | 2.67 | 0.008 | 0.041 | 0.78 | 0.435 | 0.150 | 2.07 | 0.039 | 0.138 | 1.91 | 0.057 | 0.103 | 1.67 | 0.096 |
Junior | 0.254 | 3.74 | <0.001 | 0.238 | 3.47 | 0.001 | 0.149 | 2.81 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.12 | 0.904 | 0.009 | 0.13 | 0.897 | −0.066 | −1.07 | 0.286 |
Senior | 0.094 | 1.43 | 0.152 | 0.092 | 1.40 | 0.160 | 0.060 | 1.19 | 0.233 | 0.175 | 2.51 | 0.013 | 0.159 | 2.29 | 0.023 | 0.122 | 2.06 | 0.040 |
Date experience (Yes) | 0.093 | 1.50 | 0.133 | 0.092 | 1.49 | 0.137 | 0.082 | 1.73 | 0.085 | 0.070 | 1.07 | 0.282 | 0.049 | 0.76 | 0.446 | 0.033 | 0.60 | 0.546 |
Sexual attitude | 0.098 | 1.58 | 0.114 | 0.047 | 0.98 | 0.325 | 0.144 | 2.26 | 0.025 | 0.086 | 1.58 | 0.114 | ||||||
Sexual autonomy | 0.634 | 13.24 | <0.001 | 0.517 | 9.55 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
F(p) | 5.33 (<0.001) | 4.79 (<0.001) | 36.03 (<0.001) | 2.95 (0.021) | 3.42 (0.005) | 19.15 (<0.001) | ||||||||||||
R2 | 0.079 | 0.088 | 0.468 | 0.047 | 0.067 | 0.325 | ||||||||||||
Adj R2 | 0.064 | 0.070 | 0.455 | 0.031 | 0.047 | 0.308 |
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Share and Cite
Jun, E.-Y.; Oh, H. Gender Differences in Contraceptive Self-Efficacy: A Cross-Sectional Study of South Korean College Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093142
Jun E-Y, Oh H. Gender Differences in Contraceptive Self-Efficacy: A Cross-Sectional Study of South Korean College Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093142
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun, Eun-Young, and Hyunjin Oh. 2020. "Gender Differences in Contraceptive Self-Efficacy: A Cross-Sectional Study of South Korean College Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093142