Heavy Metal Uptake of Lettuce and Ryegrass from Urban Waste Composts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Composts
2.2. Compost Analysis
2.3. Growth Experiment
2.4. Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bd (Mg m−3) | pH | EC (dS m−1) | OM (g kg−1) | Total N (g kg−1) | C/N | Total Cu (mg kg−1) | Total Zn (mg kg−1) | Total Pb (mg kg−1) | Total Cd (mg kg−1) | Class according to Spanish Fertilizers Law | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSWC1 | 0.42 | 8.4 | 2.3 | 490 | 17 | 17 | 325 | 608 | 188 | 3.5 | (‡) |
MSWC2 | 0.53 | 8.2 | 2.4 | 397 | 15 | 15 | 829 | 1149 | 223 | 3.1 | (‡) |
MSGW | 0.53 | 9.2 | 1.2 | 429 | 17 | 14 | 52 | 200 | 62 | 2.1 | C |
MGSS | 0.47 | 7.3 | 1.4 | 515 | 18 | 15 | 688 | 896 | 180 | 2.7 | (‡) |
MV | 0.59 | 7.9 | 0.7 | 376 | 10 | 21 | 144 | 689 | 33 | 2.0 | C |
CPB | 0.45 | 5.3 | 0.4 | 914 | 2.8 | 194 | 120 | 340 | 72 | nd | C |
Heavy metal limits | Spanish Fertilizers Law | 400 | 1000 | 200 | 3 | ||||||
EPA Class A Biosolids | 1500 | 2800 | 300 | 39 |
Ryegrass | Number of Plants | Fresh Weight (g) | Dry Weight (g) | Dry Weight/Plant |
---|---|---|---|---|
MSWC1 | 20 ± 3 a | 8.4 ± 2.5 a | 1.0 ± 0.3 ab | 0.05 |
MSWC2 | 24 ± 6 ab | 9.7 ± 2.8 a | 1.0 ± 0.3 ab | 0.04 |
MSGW | 43 ± 6 c | 9.9 ± 1.8 a | 1.4 ± 0.03 bc | 0.03 |
MGSS | 38 ± 3 c | 17.0 ± 2.5 b | 1.8 ± 0.2 c | 0.05 |
MV | 36 ± 5 bc | 16.9 ± 2.4 b | 1.8 ± 0.3 c | 0.05 |
CPB | 24 ± 5 ab | 5.5 ± 2.3 a | 0.6 ± 0.2 a | 0.03 |
Lettuce | Number of Plants | Fresh Weight (g) | Dry Weight (g) | Dry Weight/Plant |
MSWC1 | 2.3 ± 1.2 a | 3.8 ± 1.4 a | 0.19 ± 0.1 a | 0.08 |
MSWC2 | 2 ± 0 a | 5.7 ± 0.9 a | 0.26 ± 0.04 ab | 0.13 |
MSGW | 3 ± 0 a | 22.6 ± 2.4 c | 1.1 ± 0.3 d | 0.37 |
MGSS | 3 ± 0 a | 13.4 ± 0.4 b | 0.57 ± 0.04 bc | 0.19 |
MV | 3 ± 0 a | 19.5 ± 1.5 c | 0.88 ± 0.1 cd | 0.29 |
CPB | 2.7 ± 0.3 a | 2.4 ± 0.7 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 |
Ryegrass | Cu | Zn | Pb | Cd |
---|---|---|---|---|
MSWC1 | 29 ± 3 c | 103 ± 14 c | 0.3 ± 0.2 a | 0.17 ± 0.02 b |
MSWC2 | 32 ± 2 c | 133 ± 4 d | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 ± 0.03 b |
MSGW | 19 ± 2 ab | 50 ± 9 a | 0.2 ± 0.1 a | 0.02 ± 0.004 a |
MGSS | 23 ± 1 b | 86 ± 8 bc | 0.13 ± 0.03 a | 0.05 ± 0.01 a |
MV | 29 ± 1 c | 97 ± 5 c | 0.13 ± 0.05 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a |
CPB | 15 ± 0.6 a | 67 ± 1 ab | 0.10 ± 0.1 a | 0.05 ± 0.004 a |
Reference values [35] | 5–10 | 25–47 | 0.4–5 | 0.1–0.6 |
Lettuce | Cu | Zn | Pb | Cd |
MSWC1 | 24 ± 1 b | 101 ± 8 b | 0.50 ± 0.12 b | 0.49 ± 0.05 c |
MSWC2 | 31 ± 3 c | 128 ± 18 b | 0.32 ± 0.09 ab | 0.48 ± 0.05 c |
MSGW | 10 ± 1 a | 66 ± 9 a | 0.21 ± 0.06 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a |
MGSS | 11 ± 1 a | 107 ±10 b | 0.19 ± 0.04 a | 0.33 ± 0.02 b |
MV | 23 ± 2 b | 115 ± 14 b | 0.14 ± 0.05 a | 0.23 ± 0.06 b |
Reference values [35] | 6–8 | 44–73 | 0.7–3.6 | 0.40–0.66 |
Total | DTPA-Extractable | TCLP | Water-Extractable | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ryegrass | 0.83 *** | 0.74 *** | 0.78 *** | 0.28 |
Lettuce | 0.80 *** | 0.76 ** | 0.70 ** | 0.22 |
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Paradelo, R.; Villada, A.; Barral, M.T. Heavy Metal Uptake of Lettuce and Ryegrass from Urban Waste Composts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082887
Paradelo R, Villada A, Barral MT. Heavy Metal Uptake of Lettuce and Ryegrass from Urban Waste Composts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8):2887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082887
Chicago/Turabian StyleParadelo, Remigio, Antía Villada, and María Teresa Barral. 2020. "Heavy Metal Uptake of Lettuce and Ryegrass from Urban Waste Composts" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082887