Air-Pollution Control in an Emergent Market: Does It Work? Evidence from Romania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Relevant Legislative Aspects on an Emerging EU Market
3. Literature Review
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Dependent Variables
4.2. Independent Variables
4.3. Methods
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pollutant | Averaging Period | Legal Nature and Concentration | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 1 day | Limit value: 50 μg/m3 | Not to be exceeded on more than 35 days per year |
Calendar year | Limit value: 40 μg/m3 | ||
NO2 | 1 h | Limit value: 200 μg/m3 | Not to be exceeded on more than 18 h per year |
Alert threshold: 400 μg/m3 | To be measured over 3 consecutive hours over 100 km2 or an entire zone | ||
Calendar year | Limit value: 40 μg/m3 | ||
SO2 | 1 h | Limit value: 350 μg/m3 | Not to be exceeded on more than 24 h per year |
Alert threshold: 500 μg/m3 | To be measured over 3 consecutive hours over 100 km2 or an entire zone | ||
1 day | Limit value: 125 μg/m3 | Not to be exceeded on more than 3 days per year | |
Pb | Calendar year | Limit value: 0.5 μg/m3 | Measured as content in PM10 |
As | Calendar year | Target value: 6 ng/m3 | Measured as content in PM10 |
Cd | Calendar year | Target value: 5 ng/m3 | Measured as content in PM10 |
Ni | Calendar year | Target value: 20 ng/m3 | Measured as content in PM10 |
Used Variable | Variable Symbol | Description | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable | |||
NO2 concentration in the air | NO2 | Mean value of annual NO2 concentration in the air reported for Romania resulting from industrial activities: For the mean value of annual concentration in the air calculations, we used data found in the European Environmental Agency database, reported by stations placed near industrial activities. | European Environmental Agency reports |
SO2 concentration in the air | SO2 | Mean value of annual SO2 concentration in the air reported for Romania resulting from industrial activities: For the mean value of annual concentration in the air calculations, we used data found in the European Environmental Agency database, reported by stations placed near industrial activities. | European Environmental Agency reports |
PM10 concentration in the air | PM10 | Mean value of annual PM10 concentration in the air reported for Romania resulting from industrial activities: For the mean value of annual concentration in the air calculations, we used data found in the European Environmental Agency database, reported by stations placed near industrial activities. | European Environmental Agency reports |
Independent Variable | |||
Planned inspections | Planned_insp | Total of planned inspections carried out by local authorities of the National Environmental Guard throughout Romania for air-pollution control | Annual reports of the National Environmental Guard (GNM) |
Unplanned inspections | Unplanned_insp | The total of unplanned inspections carried out by local authorities of the National Environmental Guard throughout Romania for air-pollution control | Annual reports of the National Environmental Guard (GNM) |
Total inspections | Total_insp | Total of planned and unplanned inspections carried out by local authorities of the National Environmental Guard throughout Romania for air-pollution control | Annual reports of the National Environmental Guard (GNM) |
Fines in total carried-out inspections | Fees_in_total_insp | Total number of fines imposed by local authorities following controls carried out on air pollution | Annual reports of the National Environmental Guard (GNM) |
Warnings in total carried-out inspections | Warnings_in_total_insp | Total number of issued warnings by local authorities following air-pollution controls | Annual reports of the National Environmental Guard (GNM) |
Variable | Mean | Median | Standard Deviation | Max | Min |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SO2 (µg/m3) | 16.748 | 16.300 | 3.638 | 22.370 | 9.110 |
NO2 (µg/m3) | 38.512 | 32.610 | 16.247 | 67.450 | 17.480 |
PM10 (µg/m3) | 33.898 | 30.190 | 10.482 | 58.660 | 20.930 |
Planned_insp (no) | 14,348.46 | 13,822.00 | 2386.891 | 19,018 | 10,455 |
Unplanned_insp (no) | 24,673.08 | 23,592.00 | 5112.006 | 34,072 | 19,173 |
Total_insp (no) | 39,021.54 | 39,645.00 | 6202.715 | 47,894 | 30,876 |
Fees_in_total_insp (%) | 27.009 | 23.640 | 8.096 | 41.060 | 17.540 |
Warnings_in_total_insp (%) | 5.182 | 4.890 | 1.511 | 9.160 | 3.200 |
Period | No. Charges and Fees | No. Warnings | No. Planned Inspections | No. Unplanned Inspections | Fees and Charges of Total Inspections (%) | Warnings of Total Inspections (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006/2005 | 0.05 | −0.14 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.16 | −0.45 |
2007/2006 | −0.27 | 0.05 | −0.13 | −0.05 | 0.59 | 0.12 |
2008/2007 | −0.11 | 0.45 | −0.19 | −0.06 | 0.46 | −0.19 |
2009/2008 | −0.26 | −0.24 | −0.02 | 0.15 | −0.16 | −0.03 |
2010/2009 | 0.81 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.33 | −0.09 | −0.24 |
2011/2010 | 0.01 | −0.17 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.01 |
2012/2011 | −0.53 | −0.36 | 0.11 | −0.08 | −0.15 | 0.05 |
2013/2012 | 0.04 | 0.10 | −0.19 | −0.38 | 0.35 | 1.83 |
2014/2013 | −0.30 | −0.22 | −0.16 | 0.06 | 0.36 | −0.22 |
2015/2014 | 0.18 | −0.06 | 0.22 | −0.01 | −0.24 | −0.05 |
2016/2015 | 0.06 | 0.09 | −0.02 | −0.05 | −0.09 | 0.47 |
2017/2016 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.05 | −0.09 |
2017/2005 | 1.56 | 0.58 | 0.87 | 0.55 | 0.72 | 0.59 |
Variable | SO2 (1) | SO2 (2) | SO2 (3) | SO2 (4) | SO2 (5) | NO2 (6) | NO2 (7) | PM10 (8) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | total_insp | ||||||||
(2) | planned_insp | 0.61 | |||||||
(3) | unplanned_ insp | 0.93 | 0.27 | ||||||
(4) | fee_in_total_ insp | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.56 | |||||
(5) | warnings_in_total_insp | −0.04 | 0.05 | −0.07 | 0.49 | ||||
(6) | fee_val | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.59 | 0.69 | |||
(7) | SO2 | 0.03 | 0.13 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.26 | ||
(8) | NO2 | 0.48 | 0.75 | 0.55 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.16 | −0.26 | |
(9) | PM10 | 0.43 | 0.73 | 0.18 | 0.35 | 0.56 | 0.10 | −0.18 | 0.934 |
Variable | SO2 (1) | SO2 (2) | SO2 (3) | SO2 (4) | SO2 (5) | NO2 (6) | NO2 (7) | PM10 (8) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
total_insp | 0.095 ** (0.009) | |||||||
planned_insp | 0.063 * (0.012) | 0.036 ** (0.003) | ||||||
unplanned_insp | 0.072 ** (0.006) | 0.061 ** (0.005) | ||||||
fees_in_total_insp | 0.001 * (0.025) | 0.019 * (0.034) | 0.026 * (0.047) | |||||
warnings_in_total_insp | 0.175 ** (0.000) | |||||||
F–statistic | 0.011 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.017 | <0.001 | 0.037 | 0.010 |
R2 | 0.456 | 0.868 | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.417 | 0.967 | 0.338 | 0.465 |
Accepted/Rejected | ||
---|---|---|
Hypotheses | National Level | Observations |
H1 | Rejected | Planned inspections do not cause a decrease in the level of air pollution. |
H2 | Rejected | Unplanned inspections do not cause a decrease in the level of air pollution. |
H3 | Rejected | The increase of the weight of the fines in the total inspections carried out does not lead to a reduction of the pollutant air concentration |
H4 | Rejected | Increasing the share of warnings in all inspections does not lead to a reduction in pollutant air concentration. The tests cannot be considered because strong correlation was observed between the included variables in the model. |
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Oncioiu, I.; Dănescu, T.; Popa, M.-A. Air-Pollution Control in an Emergent Market: Does It Work? Evidence from Romania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082656
Oncioiu I, Dănescu T, Popa M-A. Air-Pollution Control in an Emergent Market: Does It Work? Evidence from Romania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8):2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082656
Chicago/Turabian StyleOncioiu, Ionica, Tatiana Dănescu, and Maria-Alexandra Popa. 2020. "Air-Pollution Control in an Emergent Market: Does It Work? Evidence from Romania" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082656
APA StyleOncioiu, I., Dănescu, T., & Popa, M.-A. (2020). Air-Pollution Control in an Emergent Market: Does It Work? Evidence from Romania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082656