The Repolarization Period during the Head-Up Tilt Test in Children with Vasovagal Syncope
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Studied Subjects
2.1.1. Head-Up Tilt Table Test
2.1.2. Electrography
2.2. Statistical Analysis
2.3. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Groups
3.2. T-wave and Repolarization Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | VVS I 1 (n = 19) | VVS II 2 (n = 11) | Control 3 (n = 30) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (at time of hospitalization), years | 16 ± 1.3 * | 16.4 ± 1.3 * | 14.7 ± 2.3 |
Male, n (%) | 5 (26.3%) | 3 (27.3%) | 8 (26.7%) |
Female, n (%) | 14 (73.7%) | 8 (72.7%) | 22 (73.3%) |
Age at which the child had their first episode of syncope | 15.5 ± 1.4 * | 14.5 ± 2.8 | 13.8 ± 2.5 |
Circumstances of syncope | |||
After effort, n (%) | 8 (42.1%) | 7 (63.6%) | 13 (43.3%) |
Emotions/stress, n (%) | 8 (42.1%) * | 3 (27.3%) * | 1 (3.3%) |
Change of body position, n (%) | 13 (68.4%) * | 6 (54.5%) * | 3 (10%) |
Long-term verticalization, n (%) | 10 (52.6%) | 6 (54.5%) | 7 (23.3%) |
Lying and sitting position, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6.7%) |
Prodromal symptoms | |||
Headache, n (%) | 8 (42.1%) * | 5 (45.5%) * | 4 (13.3%) |
Dizziness, n (%) | 7 (36.8%) | 4 (36.4%) | 7 (23.3%) |
Weakness, n (%) | 4 (21.1%) | 8 (72.7%) * | 3 (10%) |
Hands tremor, n (%) | 2 (10.5%) | 2 (18.2%) | 1 (3.3%) |
Pale skin, n (%) | 3 (15.8%) * | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Sweating, n (%) | 2 (10.5%) * | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.3%) |
Tinnitus, n (%) | 2 (10.5%) | 2 (18.2%) | 1 (3.3%) |
Blurred vision, n (%) | 5 (26.3%) | 5 (45.5%) | 6 (20%) |
Dyspnea, n (%) | 5 (26.3%) | 3 (27.3%) | 7 (23.3%) |
Palpitations, n (%) | 3 (15.8%) | 2 (18.2%) | 8 (27.7%) |
Chest pain, n (%) | 3 (15.8%) | 1 (9.1%) | 8 (26.7%) |
Numbness in the limbs, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (10%) |
Hot feeling, n (%) | 0 (0%) * | 0 (0%) * | 1 (3.3%) |
Nausea, n (%) | 0 (0%) * | 0 (0%) * | 3 (10%) |
Fatigue, n (%) | 0 (0%) * | 0 (0%) * | 3 (10%) |
QT Variables | VVS I 1 (n = 19) | VVS II 2 (n = 11) | Control 3 (n = 30) | p | p | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD), ms | Mean (SD), ms | Mean (SD), ms | (VVS I vs. VVS II) | (VVS I vs. Control) | (VVS II vs. Control) | ||
RR | 843.2 (136.6) | 864.6 (131.6) | 860.7 (208.7) | 0.553 | 0.748 | 0.955 | |
ECG0 | QT | 380.0 (22.9) | 375.5 (16.9) | 370.0 (20.7) | 0.582 | 0.120 | 0.439 |
QTc | 416.0 (14.8) | 406.7 (29.6) | 403.4 (29.3) | 0.350 | 0.09 | 0.752 | |
QTp | 289.5 (21.5) | 285.5 (16.9) | 290.7 (20.8) | 0.445 | 0.848 | 0.462 | |
QTpc | 316.6 (10.9) | 309.1 (23.0) | 316.9 (26.7) | 0.326 | 0.956 | 0.395 | |
TpTe | 90.5 (5.2) | 90.0 (0.0) | 79.3 (5.2) | 0.832 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | |
RR | 827.4 (145.7) | 790.9 (85.4) | 861.3 (212.4) | 0.457 | 0.544 | 0.295 | |
ECG1 | QT | 385.8 (21.2) | 377.3 (14.9) | 384.7 (31.5) | 0.251 | 0.892 | 0.461 |
QTc | 427.4 (25.5) | 425.6 (22.4) | 419.0 (27.0) | 0.849 | 0.285 | 0.474 | |
QTp | 294.7 (21.2) | 288.2 (15.4) | 306.0 (29.2) | 0.378 | 0.153 | 0.062 | |
QTpc | 326.2 (20.2) | 325.0 (18.5) | 333.1 (23.7) | 0.870 | 0.301 | 0.313 | |
TpTe | 91.1 (4.6) | 89.1 (3.0) | 78.7 (5.7) | 0.420 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | |
RR | 595.3 (72.5) | 650.9 (100.1) | 635.3 (206.5) | 0.089 | 0.421 | 0.813 | |
ECG2 | QT | 347.4 (19.4) | 349.1 (22.6) | 348.0 (34.8) | 0.827 | 0.943 | 0.924 |
QTc | 451.3 (13.4) | 434.4 (15.4) | 442.3 (20.3) | 0.004* | 0.092 | 0.253 | |
QTp | 247.4 (19.1) | 260.9 (22.1) | 283.0 (31.4) | 0.085 | <0.001 * | 0.039 * | |
QTpc | 321.0 (11.3) | 324.3 (12.2) | 359.4 (19.8) | 0.470 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | |
TpTe | 100.0 (3.3) | 88.2 (4.0) | 65.0 (6.8) | <0.001* | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | |
RR | 743.7 (170.5) | 787.3 (185.9) | 788.3 (191.9) | 0.519 | 0.412 | 0.987 | |
ECG3 | QT | 368.4 (29.9) | 365.5 (21.6) | 368.0 (29.8) | 0.776 | 0.962 | 0.797 |
QTc | 431.8 (25.5) | 417.4 (31.1) | 419.6 (28.2) | 0.180 | 0.132 | 0.831 | |
QTp | 275.8 (28.5) | 275.5 (21.6) | 290.3 (27.4) | 0.973 | 0.081 | 0.113 | |
QTpc | 322.5 (16.8) | 314.1 (21.1) | 330.8 (24.0) | 0.239 | 0.162 | 0.049 * | |
TpTe | 92.6 (4.5) | 90.0 (0.0) | 77.7 (5.7) | 0.250 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
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Kolarczyk, E.; Markiewicz-Łoskot, G.; Szydłowski, L. The Repolarization Period during the Head-Up Tilt Test in Children with Vasovagal Syncope. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1908. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061908
Kolarczyk E, Markiewicz-Łoskot G, Szydłowski L. The Repolarization Period during the Head-Up Tilt Test in Children with Vasovagal Syncope. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):1908. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061908
Chicago/Turabian StyleKolarczyk, Ewelina, Grażyna Markiewicz-Łoskot, and Lesław Szydłowski. 2020. "The Repolarization Period during the Head-Up Tilt Test in Children with Vasovagal Syncope" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1908. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061908