The Level and Development of Unemployment before Disability Retirement: A Retrospective Study of Finnish Disability Retirees and Their Controls
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Statistical Methods
2.3. Ethics Statement
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Characteristics of the Disability Retirees and the Controls
3.2. Trends of Unemployment Before Disability Retirement
3.3. Increase in Unemployment Controlling for the Effects of Calendar Time and Aging
3.4. Excess Unemployment among Disability Retirees Compared to the Controls
3.5. Increase in Unemployment among Disability Retirees
4. Discussion
Methodological Considerations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Distribution of the Study Variables (%) | Unemployment Days, Mean (s.e.) a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Disability Retirees | By Diagnosis of Disability Pension | Controls b | Disability Retirees | Controls | |||
Mental Disorders | Musculoskeletal Diseases | Other Diagnoses | |||||
Gender | |||||||
Men | 53 | 47 | 51 | 60 | 53 | 100.0 (0.85) | 42.2 (0.35) |
Women | 47 | 53 | 49 | 40 | 47 | 86.7 (0.87) | 36.1 (0.35) |
Age | |||||||
25–34 years | 10 | 22 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 100.2 (1.91) | 32.6 (0.68) |
35–44 years | 13 | 21 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 102.6 (1.71) | 33.0 (0.62) |
45–54 years | 28 | 30 | 25 | 30 | 28 | 95.1 (1.15) | 32.8 (0.42) |
55–64 years | 49 | 28 | 64 | 54 | 49 | 89.5 (0.87) | 46.3 (0.39) |
Educational level | |||||||
Primary | 29 | 26 | 31 | 29 | 18 | 110.6 (1.21) | 59.8 (0.70) |
Secondary | 53 | 49 | 58 | 51 | 43 | 95.4 (0.84) | 45.3 (0.40) |
Lower tertiary | 15 | 18 | 10 | 16 | 27 | 65.0 (1.39) | 25.2 (0.39) |
Higher tertiary | 4 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 12 | 60.1 (2.65) | 18.6 (0.50) |
Occupational class | |||||||
Manual workers | 39 | 27 | 49 | 40 | 28 | 84.0 (0.91) | 53.4 (0.51) |
Lower non-manual employees | 27 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 32 | 63.1 (1.01) | 26.7 (0.36) |
Upper non-manual employees | 8 | 11 | 4 | 9 | 20 | 58.9 (1.79) | 16.6 (0.36) |
Entrepreneurs | 11 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 38.3 (1.32) | 9.6 (0.37) |
Other or unknown | 16 | 25 | 9 | 14 | 7 | 223.8 (1.70) | 151.1 (1.49) |
All | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 93.8 (0.61) | 39.4 (0.25) |
N | 54,387 | 16,658 | 16,582 | 21,147 | 163,161 |
Unadjusted | Adjusted for Calendar Year and Age | |
---|---|---|
Disability retirees | ||
Mental disorders | 9.5 (9.0–10.1) | 8.0 (6.6–9.3) |
Musculoskeletal diseases | 6.6 (6.1–7.0) | 3.8 (2.6–5.0) |
Other diseases | 6.8 (6.3–7.2) | 3.3 (2.2–4.4) |
All | 7.6 (7.3–7.8) | 5.5 (4.8–6.2) |
Controls | ||
Mental disorders | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | −0.1 (−0.6–0.4) |
Musculoskeletal diseases | 3.3 (3.1–3.6) | 0.4 (−0.2–0.9) |
Other diseases | 3.2 (3.0–3.4) | 0.1 (−0.3–0.6) |
All | 3.0 (2.8–3.1) | 0.1 (−0.2–0.4) |
Disability Retirees | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
All | Diagnosis of Disability Retirement | |||
Mental Disorders | Musculoskeletal Diseases | Other Diagnoses | ||
All | 38.6 (37.8–39.4) | 59.5 (58.0–60.9) | 24.5 (23.1–25.9) | 33.7 (32.4–35.0) |
Gender | ||||
Men | 41.2 (40.1–42.3) | 67.0 (64.8–69.2) | 23.8 (21.8–25.8) | 37.2 (35.5–39.0) |
Women | 35.7 (34.5–36.8) | 52.9 (50.9–54.8) | 25.1 (23.0–27.1) | 28.3 (26.3–30.3) |
Age | ||||
25–34 years | 46.2 (44.0–48.3) | 49.4 (46.8–52.0) | 36.2 (29.8–42.6) | 41.3 (37.0–45.6) |
35–44 years | 52.3 (50.2–54.4) | 71.6 (68.4–74.7) | 31.3 (26.9–35.8) | 35.9 (32.3–39.5) |
45–54 years | 45.8 (44.3–47.3) | 67.2 (64.5–69.9) | 31.5 (28.8–34.2) | 38.5 (36.2–40.7) |
55–64 years | 29.7 (28.4–30.9) | 50.4 (47.3–53.4) | 20.4 (18.6–22.2) | 30.1 (28.2–31.9) |
Educational level | ||||
Primary | 36.7 (34.7–38.6) | 64.0 (60.2–67.8) | 19.7 (16.5–23.0) | 32.8 (29.8–35.9) |
Secondary | 35.3 (34.1–36.5) | 60.2 (58.0–62.4) | 17.5 (15.4–19.5) | 32.7 (30.8–34.7) |
Lower tertiary | 24.8 (23.4–26.3) | 35.4 (33.0–37.8) | 20.2 (17.0–23.5) | 18.1 (15.8–20.5) |
Higher tertiary | 25.1 (22.7–27.4) | 38.0 (34.5–41.5) | 25.2 (17.7–32.8) | 11.3 (7.6–15.0) |
Occupational class | ||||
Manual workers | 17.1 (15.9–18.4) | 40.7 (38.0–43.4) | 5.1 (3.0–7.1) | 16.5 (14.5–18.4) |
Lower non-manual employees | 21.9 (20.8–23.1) | 33.6 (31.6–35.6) | 17.3 (15.3–19.4) | 16.0 (14.1–17.8) |
Upper non-manual employees | 20.3 (19.0–21.7) | 27.6 (25.3–29.9) | 27.4 (24.1–30.7) | 11.6 (9.6–13.6) |
Entrepreneurs | 15.4 (14.2–16.7) | 23.3 (20.6–26.0) | 15.7 (13.5–17.9) | 10.7 (8.9–12.5) |
Other or unknown | 69.8 (66.1–73.4) | 57.6 (51.9–63.4) | 86.4 (78.4–94.4) | 71.9 (65.8–78.0) |
Disability Retirees | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
All | Diagnosis of Disability Retirement | |||
Mental Disorders | Musculoskeletal Diseases | Other Diagnoses | ||
All | 5.5 (4.8–6.2) | 8.0 (6.6–9.4) | 3.8 (2.6–5.0) | 3.3 (2.2–4.4) |
Gender | ||||
Men | 6.3 (5.3–7.3) | 8.8 (6.7–10.9) | 4.7 (3.1–6.3) | 4.2 (2.7–5.7) |
Women | 4.8 (3.8–5.8) | 7.1 (5.3–9.0) | 2.9 (1.2–4.6) | 2.2 (0.5–3.9) |
Age | ||||
25–34 years | 5.0 (2.7–7.2) | 6.1 (3.2–8.9) | 3.4 (−3.4–10.1) | 1.1 (−3.4–5.6) |
35–44 years | 6.5 (4.3–8.6) | 8.0 (4.7–11.3) | 3.4 (−0.9–7.6) | 3.4 (−0.1–6.9) |
45–54 years | 7.7 (6.2–9.1) | 10.6 (7.8–13.5) | 5.3 (2.7–7.9) | 5.6 (3.3–7.8) |
55–64 years | 4.1 (2.9–5.2) | 6.5 (3.4–9.6) | 3.4 (1.8–5.1) | 2.9 (1.1–4.7) |
Educational level | ||||
Primary | 6.0 (4.5–7.4) | 8.1 (5.2–11.1) | 3.5 (1.1–5.8) | 4.4 (2.1–6.7) |
Secondary | 5.2 (4.3–6.2) | 7.1 (5.1–9.1) | 3.8 (2.3–5.3) | 3.0 (1.4–4.6) |
Lower tertiary | 3.6 (2.1–5.1) | 5.4 (2.8–8.1) | 3.3 (0.1–6.6) | 1.2 (−1.0–3.5) |
Higher tertiary | 6.0 (3.2–8.9) | 8.2 (3.7–12.7) | 7.9 (−1.9–17.8) | 1.6 (−2.1–5.2) |
Occupational class | ||||
Manual workers | 7.7 (6.7–8.7) | 12.0 (9.6–14.4) | 4.5 (3.1–5.9) | 6.8 (5.2–8.3) |
Lower non-manual employees | 6.0 (4.9–7.0) | 8.3 (6.3–10.4) | 4.5 (2.6–6.3) | 4.1 (2.4–5.7) |
Upper non-manual employees | 5.7 (4.0–7.5) | 8.4 (5.5–11.3) | 8.2 (3.3–13.1) | 2.1 (−0.3–4.4) |
Entrepreneurs | 3.0 (1.6–4.3) | 4.9 (1.8–8.0) | 2.3 (−0.1–4.7) | 1.9 (0.1–3.8) |
Other or unknown | 5.6 (3.5–7.6) | 4.7 (1.7–7.7) | 14.3 (9.7–19.0) | 3.6 (0.0–7.2) |
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Laaksonen, M.; Blomgren, J. The Level and Development of Unemployment before Disability Retirement: A Retrospective Study of Finnish Disability Retirees and Their Controls. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051756
Laaksonen M, Blomgren J. The Level and Development of Unemployment before Disability Retirement: A Retrospective Study of Finnish Disability Retirees and Their Controls. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051756
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaaksonen, Mikko, and Jenni Blomgren. 2020. "The Level and Development of Unemployment before Disability Retirement: A Retrospective Study of Finnish Disability Retirees and Their Controls" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051756
APA StyleLaaksonen, M., & Blomgren, J. (2020). The Level and Development of Unemployment before Disability Retirement: A Retrospective Study of Finnish Disability Retirees and Their Controls. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051756