Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Self-Assessment Questionnaires
2.3. Gustometry
2.4. Flavor Test
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. Self-Assessment Questionnaires, Flavor Score and Gustometry
3.3. Age Effect
3.4. Sex Effect
3.5. Smoke Habit Effect
3.6. Flavor Score Reference Values
3.7. Comparison between Flavor Score and Gustometry with Self-Assessment Questionnaires
3.8. Difference in Flavor Recognition: Individual Tastants
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Patents
References
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Flavor | Flavor + Gustometry | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
No. of subjects included | 348 | 136 | |
Age | 42.41 ± 15.63 | 41,18 ± 15,70 | Not significant |
Sex F/M (%) | 241/107 (66.3/33.7) | 96/40 (70.6/27.4) | Not significant |
BMI | 23.85 ± 3.00 | 23,89 ± 3,01 | Not significant |
Smoking habit (No/Yes, %) | 75.6/24.4 | 74.4/25.6 | Not significant |
No. of smoked cigarettes | 10.52 ± 8.20 | 9.13 ± 7.06 | Not significant |
Years of smoking | 15.15 ± 12.77 | 15.94 + 14.85 | Not significant |
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Nettore, I.C.; Maione, L.; Desiderio, S.; De Nisco, E.; Franchini, F.; Palatucci, G.; Ungaro, P.; Cantone, E.; Macchia, P.E.; Colao, A. Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030959
Nettore IC, Maione L, Desiderio S, De Nisco E, Franchini F, Palatucci G, Ungaro P, Cantone E, Macchia PE, Colao A. Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(3):959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030959
Chicago/Turabian StyleNettore, Immacolata Cristina, Luigi Maione, Silvio Desiderio, Emma De Nisco, Fabiana Franchini, Giuseppe Palatucci, Paola Ungaro, Elena Cantone, Paolo Emidio Macchia, and Annamaria Colao. 2020. "Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030959