Weather Woes? Exploring Potential Links between Precipitation and Age-Related Cognitive Decline
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(Mean ± SD or %) | |
---|---|
Cognitive health factor score (baseline) | 0.0009 ± 2.34 |
Age (years) at baseline assessment | 64.38 ± 8.71 |
Year of Baseline interview | |
2003 | 18.23% |
2004 | 31.25% |
2005 | 22.61% |
2006 | 16.20% |
2007 | 11.71% |
Black | 39.23% |
Female | 56.16% |
Education | |
Less than high school | 10.84% |
High school | 25.58% |
Some college | 26.90% |
College or more | 36.63% |
Precipitation percent of days in past year | 30.99 ± 9.05 |
Köppen climate region at baseline residence | |
Dry | 2.21% |
Continental | 24.32% |
Tropical | 65.76% |
Mediterranean/Oceanic | 7.71% |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Unconditional Growth Model | + Precipitation | + Covariates | |
Fixed Effects | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) |
Intercept | −5.99 (0.40) *** | −5.27 (0.59) *** | −5.39 (0.57) *** |
Precipitation (% days in past year) ¶ | |||
19% of days in past year | 0.04 (0.02) * | −0.04 (0.02) * | |
41% of days in past year | 0.09 (0.01) * | 0.05 (0.01) * | |
Black (ref White) | 1.05 (0.02) *** | ||
Female (ref Male) | −0.33 (0.02) *** | ||
Education (ref College or More) | |||
Less than High School | −2.00 (0.04) *** | ||
High School | −1.33 (0.02) *** | ||
Some College | −0.78 (0.02) *** | ||
Baseline Interview Year (ref 2003) | |||
2004 | 0.09 (0.03) ** | ||
2005 | 0.10 (0.03) ** | ||
2006 | 0.18 (0.04) *** | ||
2007 | 0.17 (0.04) *** | ||
Köppen Climate Regions (ref Dry) | |||
Continental | 0.12 (0.08) | ||
Mediterranean/Oceanic | 0.12 (0.07) | ||
Tropical | −0.25 (0.07) *** | ||
Rate of Change | |||
Age (years) | 0.26 (0.01) *** | 0.25 (0.01) *** | 0.25 (0.01) *** |
Age2 | −0.002 (0.0001) *** | −0.002 (0.0001) *** | −0.002 (0.0001) *** |
Age (80 years) × Precipitation (19% days) § | 0.07 (0.02) * | 0.07 (0.02) * | |
Age (80 years) × Precipitation (41% days) § | −0.04 (0.01) * | −0.03 (0.01) * | |
Age (60 years) × Precipitation (19% days) § | −0.07 (0.02) * | −0.07 (0.02) * | |
Age (60 years) × Precipitation (41% days) § | 0.04 (0.01) * | 0.03 (0.01) * | |
Random Effects | |||
Intercept | 2.096 | 2.072 | 2.614 |
Slope (Age) | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.045 |
Slope (Age2) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Residual | 1.308 | 1.295 | 1.296 |
Goodness of Fit Statistics | |||
AIC | 347,347.4 | 347,242.5 | 339,931.3 |
BIC | 347,450.4 | 347,401.8 | 340,203.0 |
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Finlay, J.; Khan, A.; Gronlund, C.; Sol, K.; Jang, J.; Melendez, R.; Judd, S.; Clarke, P. Weather Woes? Exploring Potential Links between Precipitation and Age-Related Cognitive Decline. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9011. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239011
Finlay J, Khan A, Gronlund C, Sol K, Jang J, Melendez R, Judd S, Clarke P. Weather Woes? Exploring Potential Links between Precipitation and Age-Related Cognitive Decline. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(23):9011. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239011
Chicago/Turabian StyleFinlay, Jessica, Anam Khan, Carina Gronlund, Ketlyne Sol, Joy Jang, Robert Melendez, Suzanne Judd, and Philippa Clarke. 2020. "Weather Woes? Exploring Potential Links between Precipitation and Age-Related Cognitive Decline" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 9011. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239011