Prevalence and Subtype Distribution of Blastocystis Infection in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Population and Study Design
2.3. Stool Collection and Processing
2.4. DNA Extraction and Nested PCR Amplification
2.5. Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics of the Individuals
3.2. The Prevalence and Subtype of Blastocystis sp.
3.3. Phylogenetic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subtype | Accession Number | Host |
---|---|---|
1 | EU679349 | Human [28] |
GU992416 | Wastewater [29] | |
MH104999 | Human [30] | |
MK801358 | Pig [31] | |
2 | AB070987 | Human [32] |
EU445487 | Pig [33] | |
3 | EU445494 | Human [33] |
EU445496 | Human [33] | |
KT819620 | Human [34] | |
KT819622 | Human [34] | |
KU051536 | Human [35] | |
KX618192 | Human [36] | |
MG214877 | Human (unpublished) | |
MH104993 | Human [30] | |
MK375226 | Pig [37] | |
4 | AY244620 | Human [38] |
MH127499 | Rat [39] | |
U51152 | Guinea pig [40] |
Characteristics | DM n = 130 (%) | Non-DM n = 100 (%) | Total n = 230 (%) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 43/130 (33.1%) | 34/100 (34%) | 77/230 (33.5%) | 0.883 |
Female | 87/130 (66.9%) | 66/100 (66%) | 153/230 (66.5%) | ||
Age | <65 years | 54/130 (41.5%) | 43/100 (43%) | 97/230 (42.2%) | 0.824 |
≥65 years | 76/130 (58.5%) | 57/100 (57%) | 133/230 (57.8%) | ||
Level of education | Low (≤primary school) | 120/130 (92.3%) | 84/100 (84%) | 204/230 (88.7%) | 0.049 * |
High (≥secondary school) | 10/130 (7.7%) | 16/100 (16%) | 26/230 (11.3%) | ||
Employed | No | 66/130 (50.8%) | 58/100 (58%) | 124/230 (53.9%) | 0.275 |
Yes | 64/130 (49.2%) | 42/100 (42%) | 106/230 (46.1%) | ||
Source of drinking water | Treated water (bottled and tap water) | 118/130 (90.8%) | 96/100 (96%) | 214/230 (93%) | 0.122 |
Untreated water (surface and rainwater) | 12/130 (9.2%) | 4/100 (4%) | 16/230 (7%) | ||
Animals in the household | No | 53/130 (40.8%) | 44/100 (44%) | 97/230 (42.2%) | 0.623 |
Yes | 77/130 (59.2%) | 56/100 (56%) | 133/230 (57.8%) |
Characteristics | Number of Examined | % Infected | OR (95% CI) * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 77 | 13 (10/77) | 1.373 (0.586–3.218) |
Female | 153 | 9.8 (15/153) | 1 | |
Age | <65 years | 97 | 8.2 (8/97) | 1 |
≥65 years | 133 | 12.8 (17/133) | 1.63 (0.673–3.949) | |
DM status | Non-DM | 100 | 9 (9/100) | 1 |
DM | 130 | 12.3 (16/130) | 1.419 (0.599–3.36) | |
Duration of DM | ≤10 years | 83 | 10.8 (9/83) | 1 |
>10 years | 47 | 14.9 (7/47) | 1.439 (0.499–4.153) | |
Education status | Low (≤primary school) | 204 | 11.3 (23/204) | 1.525 (0.338–6.877) |
High (≥secondary school) | 26 | 7.7 (2/26) | 1 | |
Employed | No | 124 | 12.1 (15/124) | 1.321 (0.567–3.078) |
Yes | 106 | 9.4 (10/106) | 1 | |
Source of drinking water | Treated water (bottled and tap water) | 214 | 11.2 (24/214) | 1.895 (0.239–14.99) |
Untreated water (surface and rainwater) | 16 | 6.3 (1/16) | 1 | |
Presence of animals in household | Yes | 133 | 12 (16/133) | 1.337 (0.565–3.167) |
No | 97 | 9.3 (9/97) | 1 |
GenBank Accession No. | Subtype | Group (DM/Non-DM) | Query Cover | Sequence Similarity (%) | Similar GenBank Reference Sequence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MT330258 | 3 | DM | 97% | 99.53 | KT819620 |
MT330259 | 1 | DM | 98% | 99.44 | MH104999 |
MT330260 | 1 | DM | 97% | 99.44 | GU992416 |
MT330263 | 1 | DM | 98% | 99.07 | EU679349 |
MT330265 | 3 | Non-DM | 99% | 98.44 | KT819620 |
MT330266 | 3 | DM | 99% | 98.52 | KT819620 |
MT330267 | 1 | Non-DM | 98% | 98.98 | MK801358 |
MT330269 | 3 | DM | 98% | 99.17 | KT819620 |
MT330270 | 1 | Non-DM | 99% | 98.99 | MK801358 |
MT330271 | 3 | DM | 98% | 99.44 | KT819620 |
MT330272 | 3 | DM | 98% | 99.26 | KT819620 |
MT330273 | 3 | DM | 97% | 99.81 | KX618192 |
MT330274 | 3 | DM | 97% | 99.81 | KT819620 |
MT330275 | 3 | DM | 97% | 99.81 | KT819620 |
MT330276 | 3 | DM | 97% | 99.63 | KX618192 |
MT330277 | 3 | DM | 97% | 99.54 | MN914073 |
MT947108 | 1 | DM | 100% | 99.5 | MH104999 |
MT947109 | 3 | DM | 100% | 99.9 | MH104993 |
MT947110 | 3 | DM | 100% | 99.26 | KT819622 |
MT947111 | 4 | Non-DM | 100% | 99.8 | MH127499 |
MT947112 | 3 | Non-DM | 100% | 99.8 | MG214877 |
MT947113 | 3 | Non-DM | 100% | 99.9 | MK375226 |
MT947114 | 3 | Non-DM | 100% | 100 | MK375226 |
MT947115 | 3 | Non-DM | 100% | 99.8 | MK375226 |
MT947116 | 3 | Non-DM | 100% | 99.9 | MK375226 |
Group | Subtype Distribution Positive Case/Total No. (%) | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ST1 | ST3 | ST4 | ||
DM | 4/130 (3%) | 12/130 (9.3%) | 0/130 (0%) | 16/130 (12.3%) |
Non-DM | 2/100 (2%) | 6/100 (6%) | 1/100 (1%) | 9/100 (9%) |
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Popruk, N.; Prasongwattana, S.; Mahittikorn, A.; Palasuwan, A.; Popruk, S.; Palasuwan, D. Prevalence and Subtype Distribution of Blastocystis Infection in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238877
Popruk N, Prasongwattana S, Mahittikorn A, Palasuwan A, Popruk S, Palasuwan D. Prevalence and Subtype Distribution of Blastocystis Infection in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(23):8877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238877
Chicago/Turabian StylePopruk, Noppon, Satakamol Prasongwattana, Aongart Mahittikorn, Attakorn Palasuwan, Supaluk Popruk, and Duangdao Palasuwan. 2020. "Prevalence and Subtype Distribution of Blastocystis Infection in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Thailand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 8877. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238877