Psychological Impact of the Quarantine-Induced Stress during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak among Italian Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Screening Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Children | Adolescents | Adults |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Total | 338 (100.0) | 499 (100) | 671 (100.0) |
Age (Mean ± SD) | 10.52 ± 1.31 | 14.17 ± 1.13 | 27.59 ± 10.73 |
Gender | |||
Male | 172 (50.89) | 242 (48.5) | 374 (55.74) |
Female | 166 (49.11) | 257 (51.5) | 297 (44.26) |
Geographic Area | |||
North | 35 (10.36) | 48 (9.62) | 178 (26.53) |
Centre | 183 (54.14) | 244 (48.9) | 269 (40.09) |
South | 120 (35.5) | 207 (41.48) | 224 (33.38) |
Type of Sport | |||
Individual | 157 (46.45) | 252 (50.5) | 312 (46.5) |
Team | 181 (53.55) | 247 (49.5) | 359 (53.5) |
Competitive Level | |||
Amateurs | 153 (45.27) | 330 (66.13) | 303 (45.16) |
Elite | 185 (54.73) | 169 (33.87) | 368 (54.84) |
Total Score | Children | Adolescents | Adults | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean ± SD | n (%) | Mean ± SD | n (%) | Mean ± SD | |
Lower than the cut-off | 157 (46.45%) | 10.66 ± 3.46 | 340 (68.32%) | 17.89 ± 6.93 | 471 (70.19%) | 19.11 ± 7.39 |
Higher than the cut-off | 181 (53.55%) | 23.02 ± 4.93 | 159 (31.68%) | 38.25 ± 7.13 | 200 (29.81%) | 43.37 ± 9.84 |
Variables | Total Score | Intrusion | Avoidance | Hyperarousal |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
Children | 23.02 ± 4.93 | 12.84 ± 3.72 | 10.18 ± 4.13 | - |
Gender | ||||
Male | 23.28 ± 5.23 | 13.41 ± 3.88 | 9.87 ± 4.20 | - |
Female | 22.75 ± 4.61 | 12.26 ± 3.48 | 10.49 ± 4.05 | - |
Geographic Area | ||||
North | 22.75 ± 3.94 | 12.62 ± 2.85 | 10.12 ± 3.52 | - |
Centre | 23.32 ± 5.07 | 12.82 ± 3.89 | 10.50 ± 4.20 | - |
South | 22.66 ± 4.96 | 12.94 ± 3.70 | 9.72 ± 4.16 | - |
Type of Sport | ||||
Individual | 22.71 ± 4.57 | 12.56 ± 3.69 | 10.15 ± 4.23 | - |
Team | 23.31 ± 5.24 | 13.11 ± 3.75 | 10.20 ± 4.05 | - |
Competitive Level | ||||
Amateurs | 22.44 ± 5.01 | 12.07 ± 3.71 | 10.37 ± 3.77 | - |
Elite | 23.49 ± 4.83 | 13.47 ± 3.63 * | 10.02 ± 4.41 | - |
Adolescents | 38.25 ± 7.13 | 17.91 ± 6.66 | 20.34 ± 5.39 | - |
Gender | ||||
Male | 39.03 ± 7.78 | 17.53 ± 7.34 | 21.50 ± 5.29 * | - |
Female | 37.60 ± 6.53 | 18.20 ± 6.07 | 19.40 ± 5.31 | - |
Geographic Area | ||||
North | 35.00 ± 4.37 | 16.33 ± 8.26 | 18.67 ± 6.61 | - |
Centre | 38.51 ± 7.02 | 17.64 ± 6.47 | 20.87 ± 5.53 | - |
South | 38.67 ± 7.62 | 18.57 ± 6.51 | 20.10 ± 4.91 | - |
Type of Sport | ||||
Individual | 37.68 ± 6.59 | 17.88 ± 6.22 | 19.80 ± 5.19 | - |
Team | 38.84 ± 7.66 | 17.93 ± 7.13 | 20.91 ± 5.57 | - |
Competitive Level | ||||
Amateurs | 38.40 ± 7.06 | 17.63 ± 6.66 | 20.77 ± 5.27 | - |
Elite | 37.94 ± 7.31 | 18.44 ± 6.68 | 19.50 ± 5.57 | - |
Adults | 43.37 ± 9.84 | 17.44 ± 4.26 | 14.81 ± 4.13 | 11.12 ± 3.68 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 42.07 ±9.85 | 16.83 ± 4.20 | 14.37 ± 4.41 | 10.87 ± 3.57 |
Female | 44.54 ± 9.74 * | 17.99 ± 4.25 | 15.21 ± 3.84 * | 11.34 ± 3.78 |
Geographic Area | ||||
North | 43.80 ± 10.26 | 18.35 ± 4.33 | 14.22 ± 3.82 | 11.24 ± 3.82 |
Centre | 42.70 ± 9.76 | 17.28 ± 4.13 | 14.63 ± 4.38 | 10.79 ± 3.31 |
South | 43.98 ± 9.76 | 17.02 ± 4.35 | 15.48 ± 3.96 | 11.49 ± 4.06 |
Type of Sport | ||||
Individual | 45.20 ± 11.09 * | 18.05 ± 4.67 | 15.43 ± 4.58 | 11.72 ± 4.00 * |
Team | 41.65 ± 8.19 | 16.86 ± 3.76 | 14.24 ± 3.59 | 10.55 ± 3.27 |
Competitive Level | ||||
Amateurs | 43.21 ±8.83 | 17.53 ± 3.94 | 15.16 ± 3.87 | 10.52 ± 3.34 |
Elite | 43.50 ± 10.66 | 17.37 ± 4.52 | 14.51 ± 4.34 | 11.62 ± 3.89 * |
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di Cagno, A.; Buonsenso, A.; Baralla, F.; Grazioli, E.; Di Martino, G.; Lecce, E.; Calcagno, G.; Fiorilli, G. Psychological Impact of the Quarantine-Induced Stress during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak among Italian Athletes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238867
di Cagno A, Buonsenso A, Baralla F, Grazioli E, Di Martino G, Lecce E, Calcagno G, Fiorilli G. Psychological Impact of the Quarantine-Induced Stress during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak among Italian Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(23):8867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238867
Chicago/Turabian Styledi Cagno, Alessandra, Andrea Buonsenso, Francesca Baralla, Elisa Grazioli, Giulia Di Martino, Edoardo Lecce, Giuseppe Calcagno, and Giovanni Fiorilli. 2020. "Psychological Impact of the Quarantine-Induced Stress during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak among Italian Athletes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 8867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238867
APA Styledi Cagno, A., Buonsenso, A., Baralla, F., Grazioli, E., Di Martino, G., Lecce, E., Calcagno, G., & Fiorilli, G. (2020). Psychological Impact of the Quarantine-Induced Stress during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak among Italian Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238867