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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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8 October 2020

Impact of Aurora Kinase A Polymorphism and Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor Mutations on the Clinicopathological Characteristics of Lung Adenocarcinoma

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School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
4
Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2020, 17(19), 7350;https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197350
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Abstract

Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) is the most common subtype of lung cancer worldwide and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has a great influence on its clinical course, mainly due to the influence of different phenotypes. The Aurora kinase A (AURKA) would influence the progression of several solid malignancies. However, whether the interaction between EGFR phenotypes and AURKA would influence the clinical characteristics of LADC remains unknown. Herein, this study aimed to explore the effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of AURKA and EGFR phenotypes on the clinicopathological characteristics of LADC. Four loci of AURKA SNPs (rs1047972, rs2273535, rs6024836, and rs2064863) were genotyped using TaqMan allelic discrimination in 105 wild-type EGFR individuals and 167 LADC patients with EGFR mutations. After the statistical analysis, patients with LADC who had CT heterozygotes of AURKA rs1047972 had a lower risk of EGFR mutations than patients with wild-type homozygotes. Moreover, female and nonsmoking patients who carried the CT genotype of AURKA rs1047972 had a lower risk of EGFR mutation (p = 0.008 and p = 0.004, respectively). Moreover, in patients with EGFR mutations, AURKA SNP rs6024836 G allele (AG + GG) carriers had a lower risk of developing advanced-stage LADC (stage III or IV; odds ratio = 0.423, 95% confidence interval: 0.203–0.879, p = 0.019) than patients with AA homozygotes. Our results suggested that AURKA rs1047972 variants are significantly associated with EGFR mutations among patients with LADC, particularly in female and nonsmoking patients. AURKA variants may contribute to the pathological development of LADC.

1. Introduction

Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) is the most common subtype of lung cancer in both male and female patients [1]. The global incidence rate (per 100,000 individuals) of LADC is 1.4 to 20.7 in males and 0.4 to 12.6 in females [2], and the female predominance of LADC over other lung cancers is noted globally and is the reason for LADC cases outnumbering those of lung squamous cell carcinoma [3]. Conventional therapies for LADC include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical excision [4]. Recently, the possibility of a therapy targeting the specific tumor proteins has been investigated. For example, methyl-β-cyclodextrin can enhance the effect of doxorubicin on treating breast and liver cancers via influencing the p53 and Fas receptor ligand complex [5], and c-Fos expression may relate to the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [6]. Moreover, tumor heterogeneity may also be a target of treatment in breast cancer [7]. Specifically, target therapies that focus on specific phenotypes of LADC have been developed, and they target the mutation sites of tumor cells that include receptor tyrosine kinases, angiogenesis pathways, and the apoptosis process [4].
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a crucial protein in LADC treatment because it enables EGFR phenotypes and mutations to become prognostic predictors and treatment targets against LADC [8,9,10]. Common EGFR mutations include L858R expression and Exon 19 in-frame deletion, which can alter the prognosis and overall survival of individuals with LADC [8,11]. In addition to mutations, interactions between EGFR mutations and other genetic variations influence clinicopathological characteristics and LADC prognoses [12]. For example, endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms and EGFR mutations accelerate lymph node invasion in LADC [13]. Furthermore, certain single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of carbonic anhydrase 9 are associated with lower tumor stages and less lymph node involvement in LADC with wild-type EGFR [14]. Accordingly, the SNPs of other proteins may reveal a relationship with EGFR phenotypes that can alter the clinicopathological characteristics of LADC.
Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is a protein that regulates centromere and cell mitosis, affecting the progression of several neoplasms [15,16,17,18]. AURKA SNPs reduce the risk of large tumors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma [18] and are protective factors against urothelial cell carcinoma [17]. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted on the possible interaction between AURKA SNPs and EGFR mutations. Moreover, because AURKA can enhance the resistance of lung cancer to third-generation EGFR inhibitors [19], a dual effect of AURKA SNPs and EGFR mutations on the clinicopathological characteristics of LADC may occur, thus requiring evaluation.
The current study surveyed the association between AURKA SNPs and susceptibility to EGFR mutations in patients with LADC. Furthermore, the synthetic effect of AURKA SNPs and EGFR mutations on the clinicopathological characteristics of LADC was investigated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Subjects and Ethics Statement

The study was conducted in Cheng Ching Hospital and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital. Patients with LADC in a follow-up period longer than 1 year from either hospital were enrolled in the study group. A total of 272 patients with LADC were included. Medical records were obtained with demographic data that included the age, sex, and smoking habits of participants. Furthermore, tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) status and tumor stage were defined according to the method described in the American Joint Committee on Cancer manual. The current study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Cheng Ching Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the current study.

2.2. Genomic DNA Extraction and EGFR Sequencing

The DNA extraction and sequencing of EGFR was performed according to previous experience [13]. Tumor tissue from frozen specimens was used to extract DNA by using the QIAamp DNA Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. After the DNA genome was obtained, the categories of EGFR, including wild-type and mutated variants, were classified using a DNA-sequencing reaction (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).

2.3. Genotyping of AURKA SNPs from Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reactions

Four AURKA SNPs, namely rs1047972 (C/T), rs2273535 (T/A), rs6024836 (A/G), and rs2064863 (T/G), were selected due to their considerable effects on other malignancies [16,17,18]. Regarding genotyping, DNA was first extracted from the leukocytes of venous blood samples from each participant using the QIAamp DNA kits (Qiagen, Valencia, Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Subsequently, the allelic discrimination of the four AURKA SNPs was surveyed using the ABI StepOne Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The findings of the real-time PCR were then analyzed using a Safety Data Sheet v3.0 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) through the TaqMan assay technique to enhance PCR integrity.

2.4. Statistical Analyses

SAS v9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for statistical analyses in the current study. The Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare differences in the demographic data, tumor stage, and tumor cell differentiation between wild-type and mutated EGFRs. Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for different AURKA SNP distributions between wild-type and mutated EGFR populations after adjusting for age, sex, and tobacco use. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the correlation between clinicopathological characteristics and phenotypes of EGFR with different AURKA rs6024836 SNPs. A p value of ≤0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.

3. Results

Of the study population (i.e., 272 patients), 105 had wild-type EGFR and 167 patients had the mutated EGFR phenotype (Table 1). The mean age of the wild-type EGFR group was 65.52 + 13.47 years, which was similar to that of the mutated EGFR group (65.74 + 13.61 years). However, the mutated EGFR group had a significantly higher female ratio (64.1% vs. 41.9%, p < 0.001) and more nonsmokers (77.2% vs. 45.7%, p < 0.001). Tumor stage and TNM status between the groups were similar, whereas the mutated EGFR group had a significantly higher rate of clear cell differentiation (12.0% vs. 7.6%, p = 0.005; Table 1).
Table 1. Clinical characteristics in lung adenocarcinoma patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), either wild type or mutation type.
The distribution frequencies of AURKA SNPs between the EGFR groups are listed in Table 2. AURKA SNP rs1047972 CT (AOR: 0.458, 95% CI: 0.243–0.862, p = 0.015) and AURKA SNP rs1047972 CT + TT (AOR: 0.471, 95% CI: 0.251–0.884, p = 0.019) had significantly lower distributions in the EGFR mutation group. However, the distribution frequencies of other AURKA SNPs, including rs2273535, rs6024836, and rs2064863, were not significantly different between the EGFR groups (Table 2). In the subgroup analysis stratified by sex, the female population with EGFR mutations exhibited significantly lower distributions of AURKA SNP rs1047972 CT (AOR: 0.321, 95% CI: 0.139–0.740, p = 0.008) and AURKA SNP rs1047972 CT + TT (AOR: 0.321, 95% CI: 0.139–0.740, p = 0.008; Table 3). Regarding the effect of smoking, nonsmokers with EGFR mutations had significantly lower distributions of AURKA SNP rs1047972 CT (AOR: 0.331, 95% CI: 0.156–0.703, p = 0.004) and AURKA SNP rs1047972 CT + TT (AOR: 0.349, 95% CI: 0.165–0.737, p = 0.006; Table 4).
Table 2. Distribution frequency of Aurora kinase A (AURKA) genotypes of lung adenocarcinoma with different epidermal growth factor receptor phenotypes.
Table 3. Distribution frequency of AURKA genotypes of lung adenocarcinoma with different gender and epidermal growth factor receptor phenotypes.
Table 4. Distribution frequency of AURKA genotypes of lung adenocarcinoma with different cigarette smoking status and epidermal growth factor receptor phenotype.
The clinicopathological characteristics of LADC and its association with different EGFR phenotypes and AURKA SNP rs6024836 are presented in Table 5. In patients with EGFR mutations, AURKA SNP rs6024836 G allele (AG + GG) carriers had a lower risk of developing an advanced clinical stage of LADC (stage III or IV; odds ratio = 0.423, 95% CI: 0.203–0.879, p = 0.019) than patients with AA homozygotes. However, the distribution frequency of AURKA SNP rs6024836 did not reveal a significant difference between the entire study group and the wild-type EGFR group concerning tumor stage, TNM status, or cell differentiation condition (Table 5).
Table 5. Distribution frequency of AURKA rs6024836 genotypes with clinicopathologic characteristics in lung adenocarcinoma patients.

4. Discussion

Our results revealed that patients with LADC who had CT heterozygotes of AURKA rs1047972 had a lower risk of EGFR mutations than patients with wild-type homozygotes. Moreover, patients with AURKA SNP rs6024836 AG + GG had a lower risk of advanced-stage LADC in the mutated EGFR group.
Extensive research has been conducted on the relationship between AURKA and the formation of solid malignancies [20,21,22]. AURKA is a serine–threonine kinase essential for centromere maturation, contributing to subsequent mitosis and cytokinesis [20,23,24]. In a previous study, AURKA suppressed degradation transcription factor N-MYC, thereby promoting G1-S progression [25]. However, AURKA is a key factor for T cell activation, which occurs mainly through the Lck signal [26] and involves T cells in the immune reaction against cancer [27]. The genetic polymorphism of AURKA can influence its activity, in which a lower kinase activity of AURKA resulting from the different SNP could lead to genomic instability and neoplasm [28]. As such, the amplification of a specific AURKA genetic variant was observed in colon cancer [29]. For specific malignancy development associated with AURKA polymorphism, AURKA SNP rs6024836 was correlated with a higher susceptibility to breast cancer after multivariable analysis [30]. In addition, AURKA SNP rs2273535 significantly increased the risk of gastric tumors, particularly in female patients and nonsmokers [31]. In addition, AURKA polymorphism may influence the prognosis of cancer because the presence of certain AURKA SNPs is associated with longer progression-free survival for advanced urothelial cell carcinoma or other solid tumors [32,33]. Apart from AURKA itself, certain interactions between AURKA and other oncogenic factors affect the progression of cancers [15]. For instance, AURKA contributes to higher tumor grades in estrogen receptor-positive primary breast cancers [34]. Moreover, the coexistence of betel nut chewing and AURKA SNPs is associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma [16]. Regarding the relationship between AURKA and EGFR, a previous study revealed higher AURKA activity in patients with LADC resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target EGFR mutations [19]. Moreover, the presence of dual inhibitors for AURKA and EGFR kinase has been previously reported [35]. Similar to the SNP of AURKA, the polymorphism of EGFR would alter the function of EGFR: the L858R expression of EGFR would decrease cellular growth and migration compared to EGFR wild type [36], while some forms of Exon 19 in-frame deletion could increase the signal intensity of phosphorylated EGFR [37]. Consequently, AURKA SNPs and EGFR phenotypes may be associated in individuals with LADC and affect the clinical characteristics of LADC, as indicated by the results of the current study.
The distribution frequency of AURKA SNP rs1047972 was significantly different between patients with LADC with mutated and wild-type EGFR. Little research has analyzed the relationship between the distribution of AURKA SNPs and EGFR mutations, except for certain indirect associations that indicate interaction between AURKA SNPs and EGFR phenotypes [19,35]. Because the EGFR mutations enrolled in the current study (i.e., L858R expression and Exon 19 in-frame deletion) alter tumor progression and deterioration in LADC [8,38,39], a reduced occurrence of AURKA SNP rs1047972 in the population indicates that AURKA SNP rs1047972 has similar genetic variations to that of EGFR mutations, which merits further evaluation. However, the other AURKA SNPs did not exhibit such a relationship with mutated EGFR, which may imply a solitary relationship between AURKA SNP rs1047972 frequency and EGFR mutations rather than with gross AURKA. In the subgroup analysis of AURKA SNP, female patients and nonsmokers in the mutated EGFR group had a significantly lower rate of AURKA SNP rs1047972 expression. Female patients and nonsmokers are at risk of LADC [40,41,42]. Accordingly, the lower distribution frequency of AURKA SNP rs1047972 indicates a high-risk group to LADC, from which further research can be conducted.
Regarding the correlation of AURKA and EGFR phenotypes with the clinicopathological characteristics of LADC, the presence of AURKA SNP rs6024836 and mutated EGFR phenotypes was correlated with an advanced LADC clinical stage at initial presentation. To our knowledge, this was the first experience illustrating the correlation of AURKA SNP variation with the clinical course of LADC. Generally, EGFR mutations such as L858R expression and Exon 19 in-frame deletion indicate favorable treatment outcomes compared with individuals with lung cancer and wild-type EGFR in terms of relapse-free and overall survival [38,39]. Consequently, the increased expression of AURKA SNP rs6024836 in patients with such EGFR phenotypes indicates the synergetic effects of genetic polymorphism on delayed LADC progression, as well as easier control of LADC in patients with such dual variations that require further validation. Regarding other clinicopathological characteristics of LADC, the distribution frequency of AURKA SNP rs6024836 was numerically higher in the mutated EGFR group with a lower tumor T status, absence of lymph node involvement, and negative distant metastasis. These results suggested that AURKA SNP rs6024836 creates its own universal effect in early cancer stages if it coexists with mutated EGFR phenotypes, and a study with more cases is warranted. However, no significant correlation between wild-type EGFR and the distribution frequency of AURKA SNP rs6024836 for the clinicopathological characteristics of LADC appeared, and the association was nonsignificant when the entire study population with various EGFR phenotypes was evaluated. This phenomenon indicates the relationship of genetic polymorphisms between AURKA and EGFR that may be due to the involvement of cell migration processes from both proteins [24,43].
Regarding demographic and basic characteristics in the wild-type and mutated EGFR mutation populations, the ratios of female patients, nonsmokers, and those with better cell differentiation were observed in patients with LADC and mutated EGFR phenotypes. Female patients are more prone to lung cancer, including LADC [42], and EGFR mutations are predictors of favorable responses to target treatments [11,38]. This result implies that other genetic factors cause women to become vulnerable to LADC. A similar condition occurred regarding smoking habits. Nonsmoking was correlated with the development of LADC, but more nonsmokers had mutated EGFR phenotypes [40]. The clinicopathological characteristics between the two EGFR phenotype groups were largely similar and cell differentiation in both groups was typically moderate. The larger numbers of cases with well-differentiated LADC in the mutated EGFR group may have been related to the favorable response to treatment in this population [11].
There were several limitations in the current study. First, the relatively few case numbers of the current study may diminish the statistical power and let multivariable analysis that includes other co-morbidities become difficult; thus, a study with much larger case numbers should be conducted. On the other hand, the rate of LADC progression cannot be assessed because of the case-control design of the current study; another research work with a cohort design should be made to evaluate the possible relationship between the interaction of EGFR mutations and AURKA SNPs and subsequent progression of LADC. Moreover, the gender ratio and smoking status were not matched in the current study. Nevertheless, since LADC tends to occur more commonly in the female population and nonsmoker in previous experiences [40], this condition might be regarded as a real-world distribution of LADC patients rather than a flaw of the research design.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, the distribution frequency of AURKA SNP rs1047972 was significantly different in the group with LADC and mutated EGFR, particularly among female patients and nonsmokers. Furthermore, the presence of AURKA SNP rs6024836 and coexistence with mutated EGFR was correlated with advanced clinical stages of LADC. This evidence indicated that the relationship between AURKA SNP and EGFR genotypes can alter LADC progression and its clinical course. Further large-scale prospective studies of the effects of AURKA SNP and EGFR genotypes on long-term therapeutic outcomes and overall survival from LADC are suggested.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, P.-J.Y., M.-J.H., C.-I.L., C.-H.Y., and S.-F.Y.; formal analysis, W.-L.C., C.-Y.L., H.-L.W., and S.-F.Y.; resources, T.-C.L. and T.C.-Y.T.; writing—original draft preparation, P.-J.Y., M.-J.H., C.-Y.L., and S.-F.Y.; writing—review and editing, P.-J.Y. and S.F.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

List of abbreviations

LADC—lung adenocarcinoma; EGFR—epidermal growth factor receptor; SNP—single-nucleotide polymorphism; AURKA—Aurora kinase A; TNM—Tumor, Node, Metastasis; PCR—polymerase chain reaction; AOR—adjusted odds ratios; CI—confidence intervals; SD—standard deviation; N—number.

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Using the Machine Learning Method to Study the Environmental Footprints Embodied in Chinese Diet
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