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Article

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure and Elevated Blood Glucose among Residents of Kajiado County, Kenya: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

by
Anita Nyaboke Ongosi
1,*,
Calistus Wilunda
2,
Patou Masika Musumari
3,4,
Teeranee Techasrivichien
3,4,
Chia-Wen Wang
5,
Masako Ono-Kihara
3,
Charlotte Serrem
6,
Masahiro Kihara
3 and
Takeo Nakayama
1
1
Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
2
African Population and Health Research Centre, Manga Close, Nairobi P.O. Box 10787-00100, Kenya
3
Interdisciplinary Unit for Global Health, Centre for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida hon-machi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
4
International Institute of Socio-Epidemiology, Kitagosho-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8336, Japan
5
Population Health Research Centre, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
6
Department of Consumer Science, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Eldoret, Eldoret P.O. Box 1125-30100, Kenya
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(19), 6957; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196957
Submission received: 6 August 2020 / Revised: 3 September 2020 / Accepted: 19 September 2020 / Published: 23 September 2020
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Kenya is experiencing a rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), yet data to inform effective interventions are limited. We investigated the prevalence of elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose and their determinants in a rapidly urbanizing area in Kenya. Data on socio-demographics, dietary and behavioural risk factors, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, blood glucose, plasma lipids and urinary biomarkers were collected from 221 men and 372 women (25–64 years). Multivariable logistic regression models assessed correlates of elevated blood pressure (EBP) and elevated blood glucose (EBG). Participants’ mean age was 38.0. ± 11.1 years. The prevalence rates of pre-hypertension and hypertension were 49.0% and 31.6% in men and 43.7% and 20.1% in women, respectively, while those of pre-diabetes and diabetes were 8.4% and 8.0% in men and 11.6% and 7.4% in women, respectively. The prevalence of Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 was higher in women (60.2%) than in men (39.7%). However, both the risk of EBP and EBG were stronger among men than among women. The high prevalence rates of EBP, EBG and overweight/obesity coupled with low physical activity and low fruit and vegetable intake predispose this population to a higher NCD risk. Interventions to mitigate this risk considering the sex differences are urgently required.
Keywords: prevalence; risk; pre-hypertension; hypertension; pre-diabetes; diabetes; sex; gender; elevated; Kajiado prevalence; risk; pre-hypertension; hypertension; pre-diabetes; diabetes; sex; gender; elevated; Kajiado

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ongosi, A.N.; Wilunda, C.; Musumari, P.M.; Techasrivichien, T.; Wang, C.-W.; Ono-Kihara, M.; Serrem, C.; Kihara, M.; Nakayama, T. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure and Elevated Blood Glucose among Residents of Kajiado County, Kenya: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196957

AMA Style

Ongosi AN, Wilunda C, Musumari PM, Techasrivichien T, Wang C-W, Ono-Kihara M, Serrem C, Kihara M, Nakayama T. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure and Elevated Blood Glucose among Residents of Kajiado County, Kenya: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):6957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196957

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ongosi, Anita Nyaboke, Calistus Wilunda, Patou Masika Musumari, Teeranee Techasrivichien, Chia-Wen Wang, Masako Ono-Kihara, Charlotte Serrem, Masahiro Kihara, and Takeo Nakayama. 2020. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure and Elevated Blood Glucose among Residents of Kajiado County, Kenya: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 6957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196957

APA Style

Ongosi, A. N., Wilunda, C., Musumari, P. M., Techasrivichien, T., Wang, C.-W., Ono-Kihara, M., Serrem, C., Kihara, M., & Nakayama, T. (2020). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Elevated Blood Pressure and Elevated Blood Glucose among Residents of Kajiado County, Kenya: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 6957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17196957

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